Triflusal

Triflusal
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	International Drug Names
ATC code	B01AC18 (WHO) ;
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 2-acetyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid;
CAS Number	322-79-2 ;
PubChem CID	9458;
DrugBank	DB08814 ;
ChemSpider	9086 ;
UNII	1Z0YFI05OO;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1332032 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID8045305 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.005.726
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C10H7F3O4
Molar mass	248.157 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CC(=O)Oc1cc(ccc1C(=O)O)C(F)(F)F;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H7F3O4/c1-5(14)17-8-4-6(10(11,12)13)2-3-7(8)9(15)16/h2-4H,1H3,(H,15,16) ; Key:RMWVZGDJPAKBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;

Triflusal is a platelet aggregation inhibitor that was discovered and developed in the Uriach Laboratories, and commercialised in Spain since 1981. Currently, it is available in 25 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and America. It is a derivative of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; Aspirin) in which a hydrogen atom on the benzene ring has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group. Trade names include Disgren, Grendis, Aflen and Triflux.^[1]

Triflusal has multiple mechanisms of action that contribute to the effect of the drug. It is a COX-1 inhibitor. It also inhibits the activation of nuclear factor k-B, which in turn regulates the expression of the mRNA of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 needed for platelet aggregation. Additionally, Triflusal preserves vascular prostacyclin which yields an anti-platelet effect. Triflusal also blocks phosphodiesterase, increasing cAMP concentration as well as can increase nitric oxide synthesis in neutrophils.

Mechanism of action

Triflusal is a selective platelet antiaggregant through;

blocks cyclooxygenase, thereby inhibiting thromboxane A2, and thus preventing platelet aggregation^[2]
preserves vascular prostacyclin, thus promoting anti-aggregant effect^[2]
inhibits activation of nuclear factor kB, which regulates the expression of the mRNA of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 needed for platelet aggregation^[2]
blocks phosphodiesterase thereby increasing cAMP concentration, thereby promoting anti-aggregant effect due to inhibition of calcium mobilization ^[2]
increases nitric oxide synthesis in neutrophils^[2]

Indication

Triflusal is indicated for;

Prevention of cardiovascular events such as stroke
Acute treatment of cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction
Thromboprophylaxis due to atrial fibrillation

Prevention of stroke

In the 2008, guidelines for stroke management from the European Stroke Organization,^[3] triflusal was for the first time recommended as lone therapy, as an alternative to acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)(Aspirin) plus dipyridamole, or clopidogrel alone for secondary prevention of atherothrombotic stroke. This recommendation was based on the double-blind, randomised TACIP and TAPIRSS trials, which found triflusal to be as effective as Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, ASA, which Triflusal is derived from) in preventing post-stroke vascular events, while having a more favourable safety profile.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Pharmacokinetics

It is absorbed in the small intestine and its bio-availability ranges from 83% to 100%.^[7]^[8] The active metabolite of Triflusal is 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethyl-benzoic acid, which is when Triflusal gets metabolized by an esterase.

References

^ Murdoch D, Plosker GL (2006). "Triflusal: a review of its use in cerebral infarction and myocardial infarction, and as thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation". Drugs. 66 (5): 671–92. doi:10.2165/00003495-200666050-00009. PMID 16620146. S2CID 195684205.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e PubChem. "Triflusal". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2021-11-27.
^ "Home - European Stroke Organisation". 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-10.
^ Matías-Guiu J, Ferro JM, Alvarez-Sabín J, Torres F, Jiménez MD, Lago A, Melo T (April 2003). "Comparison of triflusal and aspirin for prevention of vascular events in patients after cerebral infarction: the TACIP Study: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial". Stroke. 34 (4): 840–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000063141.24491.50. PMID 12649515. S2CID 1387069.
^ Culebras A, Rotta-Escalante R, Vila J, Domínguez R, Abiusi G, Famulari A, et al. (April 2004). "Triflusal vs aspirin for prevention of cerebral infarction: a randomized stroke study". Neurology. 62 (7): 1073–80. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000113757.34662.aa. PMID 15079004. S2CID 9065395.
^ European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee, ESO Writing Committee. (2008). "Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008". Cerebrovascular Diseases. 25 (5): 457–507. doi:10.1159/000131083. PMID 18477843.
^ Ramis J, Mis R, Conte L, Forn J (1990). "Rat and human plasma protein binding of the main metabolite of triflusal". Eur J Pharmacol. 183 (5): 1867–1868. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(90)92202-T.
^ Ramis J, Mis R, Forn J, Torrent J, Gorina E, Jané F (1991). "Pharmacokinetics of triflusal and its main metabolite HTB in healthy subjects following a single oral dose". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 16 (4): 269–73. doi:10.1007/BF03189971. PMID 1823870. S2CID 6287466.