The Second of May 1808

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The Second of May 1808 (The Charge of the Mamelukes)

Artist	Francisco Goya
Year	1814
Medium	Oil on canvas
Dimensions	266 cm × 345 cm (105 in × 136 in)
Location	Museo del Prado, Madrid

The Second of May 1808, by Goya, also known as The Charge of the Mamelukes (Spanish: El 2 de mayo de 1808 en Madrid, La lucha con los mamelucos or La carga de los mamelucos),^[1] is a painting by the Spanish painter Francisco Goya. It is a companion to the painting The Third of May 1808 and is set in the Calle de Alcalá near Puerta del Sol, Madrid, during the Dos de Mayo Uprising. It depicts one of the many people's rebellions against the French occupation of Spain that sparked the Peninsular War.

Both paintings were completed within a two-month period in 1814. Today they are displayed in Madrid's Museo del Prado.

Goya witnessed first-hand the French occupation of Spain in 1808, when Napoleon used the pretext of reinforcing his army in Portugal to seize the Spanish throne, leaving his brother Joseph in power. Attempts to remove members of the Spanish royal family from Madrid provoked a widespread rebellion. This popular uprising occurred between the second and third of May 1808, when suppressed by forces under Maréchal Joachim Murat.

Historical Background

The Second of May 1808 depicts the beginning of the uprising when the Mamelukes of the French Imperial Guard are ordered to charge and subdue the rioting citizens. The crowd sees the Mamelukes as Moors, provoking an angry response. Instead of dispersing, the crowd turned on the charging Mamelukes, resulting in a ferocious melee. Goya was probably not present during the actual Charge of the Mamelukes. His paintings were commissioned in 1814, after the expulsion of Napoleon's army from Spain, by the council governing Spain until the return of Ferdinand VII. He chose to portray the citizens of Madrid as unknown heroes using the crudest of weapons, such as knives, to attack a professional, occupying army. That did not please the king when he returned, so the paintings were not hung publicly until many years (and governments) later.

Goya chose not to paint any single action or to have any single focal point in order to emphasize the chaos of the drama.

Influences

*Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry* by Peter Paul Rubens (Uffizi)

There has been debate about the extent to which Goya was influenced by Rubens. Goya's Saturn Devouring His Son, c. 1819–1823 suggests a familiarity with Rubens' 1636 version in the Prado. Kenneth Clark considered The Second of May 1808 an "artistic failure ... perhaps he could not shake off the memory of similar compositions by Rubens".^[2] Whether or not he had seen copies of The Tiger Hunt and The Battle of the Amazons, at least one original, the painting Henry IV at the Battle of Ivry, was along Goya's Italian itinerary.

Damage

In 1936, during the Spanish Civil War, when Madrid was bombed by Nationalist troops, the republican government decided to evacuate the paintings from the Prado. A truck carrying Goya's paintings had an accident, and The Second of May was badly damaged: there were tears and even pieces missing. A first restoration was carried out in 1941 when the paintings returned to Madrid. A further restoration was completed between 2007 and 2008.

Notes

^ (in Spanish) Online Gallery Prado Museum. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ Clark, K. Looking at Pictures 1960, p. 127 (apparently on p. 127. of 1968 printing)

References

Hughes, Robert. Goya. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004. ISBN 0-394-58028-1

External links

Media related to La Carga de los Mamelucos (Goya) at Wikimedia Commons

Francisco Goya

List of works

Paintings

Consecration of Aloysius Gonzaga as Patron Saint of Youth (c. 1763)
The Holy Family with Saints Joachim and Anne (c. 1769)
The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time (1770–1771)
The Rape of Europa (1772)
Christ Crucified (1780)
The Greasy Pole (1786–87)
The Drunk Mason (1786–1787)
Paintings for the alameda of the Dukes of Osuna (1786–1787)
Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Curing a Cripple (1787)
Yard with Lunatics (1793–1794)
Prison Interior (1793–1794)
Assault of Thieves (1793–1794)
The Duchess of Alba and la Beata (1795)
Witches' Flight (1797–1798)
The Bewitched Man (1797–1798)
Witches' Sabbath (1798)
La maja desnuda (c. 1797–1800)
La maja vestida (1800–1805)
Allegory of Industry (c. 1805)
Majas on a Balcony (c. 1808–1812)
The Water Bearer (1808–1812)
The Knifegrinder (1808–1812)
Still Life of a Lamb's Head and Flanks (1808–1812)
The Colossus (after 1808)
Truth, Time and History (1812–1814)
The Madhouse (1812–1819)
The Inquisition Tribunal (1812–1819)
The Second of May 1808 (1814)
The Third of May 1808 (1814)
The Junta of the Philippines (1815)
A Village Bullfight (1815–1819)
The Burial of the Sardine (c. 1816)
A Procession of Flagellants (c. 1816)
The Forge (c. 1817)
Bullfight (1824)

Murals	Adoration of the Name of God (1772) Life of the Virgin (1774)
Portraits	The Family of the Infante Don Luis (1783–84) The Duke and Duchess of Osuna and their Children (1787–88) Manuel Osorio Manrique de Zúñiga (The Red Boy) (c. 1788) Self-Portrait at an Easel (c. 1790–1795) La Tirana (1792) La Tirana (1794) The Marquise de la Solana (1795) The White Duchess (1795) Charles IV (c. 1795) The Black Duchess (1797) Bernardo de Iriarte (1797) Ferdinand Guillemardet (1798–1799) Charles IV in his Hunting Clothes (1799) Maria Luisa of Parma (1799–1800) The Countess of Chinchon (1800) Charles IV of Spain and His Family (1800–18) Manuel Godoy (1801) Doña Isabel de Porcel (1804–1805) The Marchioness of Santa Cruz (1805) Doña Antonia Zárate (1805) Doña Antonia Zárate (1810–1811) The Duke of Wellington (1812) Josefa Bayeu (1814–1816) Ferdinand VII (1815) Self-Portrait at 69 years (1815) Juan Antonio Cuervo (1819) Self-Portrait with Dr Arrieta (1820) Don Ramón Satué (1823) The Milkmaid of Bordeaux (1825–1827)
Tapestry cartoons (list)	The Boar Hunt (1775) The Parasol (c. 1777) Boys Playing Soldiers (1778–79) Children in a Chariot (1779) The Swing (1779) La novillada (1780) The Grape Harvest (1786) The Threshing Floor (1786) Summer (1786–87) The Drunk Mason (1786–1787) Blind Man's Bluff (1789) The Wedding (1791–92)
Black Paintings (c. 1819–1823)	Saturn Devouring His Son Judith and Holofernes Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat) A Pilgrimage to San Isidro La Leocadia Two Old Men Men Reading Man Mocked by Two Women Fight with Cudgels Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro Atropos Asmodea Two Old Ones Eating Soup The Dog

Print series

Los Caprichos (1797–98)	And So Was His Grandfather The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
The Prisoners (1810–1815)
The Disasters of War (1810–1820)	This is worse (c. 1812–13)
La Tauromaquia (1815–16)	Unfortunate events in the front seats of the ring of Madrid, and the death of the mayor of Torrejón (1815-1816)
Los Disparates (1815–1823)	A way of flying (c. 1815–16)
The Bulls of Bordeaux (1824–25)

Museums

Depictions

The Naked Maja (1958 film)
Goya, a Story of Solitude (1971 film)
Goya or the Hard Way to Enlightenment (1971 film)
Goya: A Life in Song (1989 album)
Goya in Bordeaux (1999 film)
Volavérunt (1999 film)
Goya's Ghosts (2006 film)
The Ministry of Time – Episode 25: Time of the Enlightened (2017)

Museo del Prado

Buildings
Villanueva building Casón del Buen Retiro Hall of Realms Cloister of Saint Jerome

Paintings

Spanish	Esquivel: José de Espronceda Gisbert: Execution of Torrijos and his Companions on the Beach at Málaga Goya: Allegory of Industry – Asmodea – Atropos – Blind Man's Bluff – Boys playing soldiers – Charles IV of Spain and His Family – Los caprichos – Christ Crucified – The Clothed Maja – The Colossus – The Countess of Chinchon – Los disparates – The Dog – The Drunk Mason – The Duchess of Alba and la Beata – Fight with Cudgels – Judith and Holofernes – La Leocadia – Man Mocked by Two Women – La novillada – Portrait of the Marchioness of Santa Cruz – Men Reading – The Milkmaid of Bordeaux – The Naked Maja – The Parasol – A Pilgrimage to San Isidro – Pilgrimage to the Fountain of San Isidro – Saturn Devouring His Son – The Second of May 1808 – Self-portrait at 69 years – Summer – The Third of May 1808 – Two Old Men – Two Old Ones Eating Soup – The Victorious Hannibal Seeing Italy from the Alps for the First Time – Witches' Flight – Witches' Sabbath (The Great He-Goat) El Greco: The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest – Adoration of the Shepherds – Doña María de Aragón Altarpiece – Annunciation – Christ Carrying the Cross – The Fable – The Flight into Egypt – Holy Face of Jesus – Holy Trinity – Julián Romero and Saint Julian – Portrait of a Doctor – Portrait of a Gentleman – Portrait of a Young Nobleman – Portrait of an Elderly Man – Portrait of an Unknown Gentleman – Portrait of Jerónimo de Cevallos – Portrait of Rodrigo Vázquez de Arce – Saint Andrew and Saint Francis – Saint Anthony of Padua – Saint Bernardino of Siena ^[1] – Saint James the Great – Saint John the Evangelist – Saint Paul – Saint Sebastian – Saint Thomas the Apostle – Holy Trinity – The Saviour – Virgin Mary Luna: The Death of Cleopatra Maíno: Adoration of the Magi – Portrait of a Gentleman – The Recovery of Bahía de Todos los Santos Murillo: Adoration of the Shepherds (1650) – Aranjuez Immaculate Conception – The Christ Child and the Infant John the Baptist with a Shell – Christ on the Cross (1675, 1677) – The Conversion of Saint Paul – The Good Shepherd – The Holy Family with a Little Bird – The Immaculate Conception of El Escorial – The Immaculate Conception of Los Venerables – The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew – Our Lady of the Rosary – The Patrician's Dream – Rebecca and Eleazar Pradilla: Doña Joanna the Mad Ribera: Jacob's Dream – Democritus – Isaac and Jacob – Ixion – Tityos – The Martyrdom of Saint Philip – The Blind Sculptor Sánchez Gallque: The Mulattos of Esmeraldas ^[2] Velázquez: Las Meninas – The Triumph of Bacchus – Las Hilanderas – The Surrender of Breda – Mars Resting – Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV – Equestrian Portrait of Elisabeth of France – Equestrian Portrait of Prince Balthasar Charles – Equestrian Portrait of Philip III – Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria – Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares – Adoration of the Magi – Apollo in the Forge of Vulcan – Christ Crucified – Coronation of the Virgin – View of the Garden of the Villa Medici – Prince Balthasar Charles as a Hunter – Portrait of the Infante Don Carlos – Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis – The Jester Barbarroja – The Jester Calabacillas – The Jester Don Diego de Acedo – The Jester Don John of Austria – Portrait of Francisco Lezcano – Infanta Margarita Teresa in a Pink Dress – Portrait of Maria Anna – Portrait of Juan Martínez Montañés – The Nun Jerónima de la Fuente – Portrait of Pablo de Valladolid – Portrait of Philip IV in Armour – Portrait of Mariana of Austria – Portrait of Sebastián de Morra Zurbarán: Agnus Dei – The Death of Hercules – The Defence of Cádiz Against the English – Hercules and the Hydra – Hercules Separates Mounts Calpe and Abylla – Hercules Fighting the Nemean Lion – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal – Saint Luke Painting the Crucifixion – Saint Peter Nolasco's Vision of Saint Peter the Apostle – Still Life with Pots – The Vision of Saint Peter Nolasco
Dutch, Flemish, German	Anonymous: The Fountain of Life Baldung: The Ages and Death Bosch: The Garden of Earthly Delights – Adoration of the Magi – Cutting the Stone – The Haywain Triptych – Head of a Halberdier – The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things – The Temptation of St Anthony Bouts: Triptych with Scenes from the Life of the Virgin Bruegel the Elder: The Triumph of Death – The Wine of Saint Martin's Day – Excursion in the Countryside of Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia – Life in the Countryside – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with de Momper) – Landscape (with de Momper) – The Five Senses (with Rubens) Campin: Marriage of the Virgin – Werl Triptych de Crayer: Caritas Romana (1625) David: Rest on the Flight into Egypt Dürer: Adam and Eve – Self-Portrait van Dyck: Self-portrait with Sir Endymion Porter – The Betrayal of Christ – The Brazen Serpent – Diana and a Nymph Surprised by a Satyr – Saint Rosalia – The Crowning with Thorns van Hemessen: The Surgeon Francken the Younger: The Sciences and the Arts Jordaens: Apollo as Victor over Pan – Meleager and Atalanta – The Painter's Family Memling: Adoration of the Magi Mengs: Portrait of José Nicolás de Azara de Momper: Landscape with Sea and Mountains – A Farm – Flemish Market and Washing Place – Landscape with Skaters – The Infanta Isabel Clara Eugenia in the Mariemont Park (with Brueghel the Elder) – Landscape (with Brueghel the Elder) Patinir: Landscape with Charon Crossing the Styx Rembrandt: Judith at the Banquet of Holofernes Rubens: The Judgement of Paris (1638) – The Three Graces – Adoration of the Magi – The Dance of the Villagers – Diana and Callisto – Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Lerma – The Fall of Man – The Garden of Love – The Birth of the Milky Way – The Rape of Europa – The Rape of Ganymede – Saint George and the Dragon – Saturn – The Triumph of the Church – Deucalion and Pyrrha – The Five Senses (with Brueghel the Elder) Stom: The Incredulity of Saint Thomas Strobel: Feast of Herod with the Beheading of St John the Baptist Teniers the Younger: Archduke Leopold Wilhelm in his Painting Gallery in Brussels (1651) Verhaecht: Alpine Landscape van der Weyden: The Descent from the Cross – Durán Madonna
Italian	Fra Angelico: Annunciation Anguissola: Portrait of Elisabeth of Valois – Portrait of Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia ^[3] – Portrait of Giovanni Battista Caselli Barocci: Nativity Bellini: Madonna and Child with Saint Mary Magdalene and Saint Ursula Botticelli: The Story of Nastagio Degli Onesti, part one Caravaggio: David and Goliath Carracci: Assumption of the Virgin – Mural Paintings from the Herrera Chapel – Venus, Adonis and Cupid Correggio: Noli me tangere – Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist A. Gentileschi: The Birth of Saint John the Baptist O. Gentileschi: The Finding of Moses (1633) Leonardo: Mona Lisa (by his studio) Lotto: Portrait of Marsilio Cassotti and His Bride Faustina Mantegna: Death of the Virgin Parmigianino: Holy Family with Angels – Portrait of Camilla Gonzaga and Her Three Sons – Portrait of Pier Maria Rossi di San Secondo – Saint Barbara Raphael: Portrait of a Cardinal – Christ Falling on the Way to Calvary – Madonna of the Rose – Visitation – La Perla (with Romano) Romano: Holy Family under an Oak Tree Andrea del Sarto: Sacrifice of Isaac Tintoretto: Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet – Joseph and Potiphar's Wife – Judith and Holofernes (by his studio) – The Washing of the Feet Tiepolo: The Immaculate Conception Titian: The Bacchanal of the Andrians – Equestrian Portrait of Charles V – The Fall of Man – Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops – Danaë Receiving the Golden Rain (1565) – The Entombment – La Gloria – Virgin and Child Between Saints Anthony of Padua and Roch – Mater Dolorosa with Clasped Hands – Philip II in Armour – Portrait of Charles V with a Dog – Portrait of Federico II Gonzaga – Portrait of Isabella of Portugal – Sisyphus – Tityus – Religion saved by Spain – Salome - Self-Portrait (1567) – Saint Margaret and the Dragon – Venus and Adonis (1554) – Venus and Musician (1550, 1555) – The Virgin and Child with Saint George and Saint Dorothy – The Worship of Venus Veronese: Venus and Adonis – Christ Among the Doctors – The Finding of Moses
French	Anonymous: Agony in the Garden Baudry: The Pearl and the Wave van Loo: The Family of Philip V (1743) Lorrain: Landscape with St Paula of Rome Embarking at Ostia – The Ford – Landscape with St María de Cervelló – Landscape with the Burial of St Serapia – Landscape with the Finding of Moses – Landscape with the Temptation of St Anthony – Landscape with Tobias and Raphael Poussin: Parnassus – Landscape with Three Figures – Saint Cecilia Ranc: The Family of Philip V (1723) – Portrait of Ferdinand VI as a Boy Watteau: Marriage Contract and Country Dancing Vouet: Time Defeated by Love, Beauty and Hope
Other	British paintings

Sculptures

Rome	The Apotheosis of Claudius Castor and Pollux

^[1] On display at El Greco Museum in Toledo
^[2] On display at Museo de América in Madrid
^[3] On display at the Spanish Embassy in Paris

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French marshal Marshal of the EmpireLaurent de Gouvion Saint-CyrMarquis of Gouvion-Saint-CyrPortrait by Horace Vernet, 1821Minister of WarIn office7 July 1815 – 26 September 1815Preceded byLouis-Nicolas DavoutSucceeded byHenri Jacques Guillaume ClarkeIn office12 September 1817 – 19 November 1819Preceded byHenri Jacques Guillaume ClarkeSucceeded byVictor de Fay de La Tour-MaubourgMinister of the Navy and the ColoniesIn office23 June 1817 – 12 September 1817Preceded byFrançois Joseph de ...

Wilhelm Furtwängler

German conductor and composer (1886–1954) Furtwängler in 1912 Gustav Heinrich Ernst Martin Wilhelm Furtwängler (UK: /ˈfʊərtvɛŋɡlər/ FOORT-veng-glər, US: /-vɛŋlər/ -⁠lər, German: [ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʊɐ̯tvɛŋlɐ]; 25 January 1886 – 30 November 1954) was a German conductor and composer. He is regarded as one of the greatest symphonic and operatic conductors of the 20th century. He was a major influence for many later conductors, and his name is often ...