Ritornello

A ritornello [ritorˈnɛllo] (Italian; "little return") is a recurring passage in Renaissance music and Baroque music for orchestra or chorus.

Early history

The earliest use of the term "ritornello" in music referred to the final lines of a fourteenth-century madrigal, which were usually in a rhyme scheme and meter that contrasted with the rest of the song.[1] Scholars suggest that the word "ritornello" comes either from the Italian word ritorno (meaning return), or from tornando (meaning turnaround or flourish).[2] Literally, in Italian it means "little return".

Baroque music

The ritornello as a recurring tutti passage can be traced back to the music of sixteenth-century Venetian composer Giovanni Gabrieli. According to Richard Taruskin, these repeating passages are "endemic to the concertato style" which Gabrieli is credited with developing.[3]

The idea of an orchestral ritornello played an important role in the structure of opera in the eighteenth century. The most common form for an aria during the Baroque period was da capo form, which essentially consisted of an A section followed by a contrasting B section, which was in turn followed by a return of the A section. Many da capo arias could be subdivided further, with ritornello sections framing each of the singer's solo sections, forming the scheme | R--A1—R--A2—R | B | R--A1—R--A2—R ||.[4]

The ritornello was also crucial in the development of the Italian instrumental concerto during the Baroque period. Giuseppe Torelli wrote many violin concertos in which the fast movements used a recurring ritornello in between two extended solo passages of entirely new material.[5] This form was standardized by Antonio Vivaldi, who wrote hundreds of concertos using a modification of Torelli's scheme. Vivaldi's ritornello form established a set of conventions followed by later composers in the eighteenth century:

  • Ritornellos for the full orchestra alternate with episodes for the soloist or soloists.
  • The opening ritornello is composed of several small units, typically two to four measures in length, some of which may be repeated or varied. These segments can be separated from each other or combined in new ways without losing their identity as the ritornello.
  • Later statements of the ritornello are usually partial, comprising only one or some of the units, sometimes varied.
  • The ritornellos are guideposts to the tonal structure of the music, confirming the keys to which the music modulates. The first and last statements are in the tonic; at least one (usually the first to be in a new key) is in the dominant; and others may be in closely related keys.[6]

In these visits to different keys, ritornello form differs from the later Classical form rondo, in which the recurring section remains in the same key.[7] Vivaldi also established a convention of using ritornello form for the quick opening and closing movements, with a contrasting slow movement in between. Many later Baroque composers such as Bach and Telemann followed Vivaldi's models in composing their own concertos.[8]

Some scholars argue that "ritornello form quickly disappeared as a general constructive principle" in the early years of the nineteenth century, due to the structural innovations of Beethoven.[9] Others such as William Caplin suggest that the ritornello form did not disappear, but "was transformed into concerto form through the incorporation of classical formal functions, especially those associated with the sonata."[10] Caplin argues that the outlines of ritornello form persist in the alternation of solo and tutti sections, albeit subsumed within the tonal and formal plan of the sonata.

Ritornello construction faded with the advent of the new sonata form but received renewed interest in the 20th century.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ Burkhart, J. Peter; Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. (2006). A History of Western Music (7 ed.). W.W. Norton. p. 136. ISBN 9780393979923.
  2. ^ Taruskin, Richard (2010). Oxford History of Western Music, Volume 1: Music from the Earliest Notations to the Sixteenth Century. Oxford University Press. p. 352.
  3. ^ Taruskin 2010, p. 784.
  4. ^ Kelly, Thomas Forrest (2011). Early Music: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780199831890.
  5. ^ Burkhart et al. 2006, p. 400
  6. ^ Burkhart et al. 2006, p. 425.
  7. ^ Renwick, William. "Rondo and Ritornello Forms in Tonal Music". Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  8. ^ Burkhart et al. 2006, p. 429.
  9. ^ Talbot, Michael. "Ritornello". Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  10. ^ Caplin, William (1998). Classical Forms: A Theory of Formal Functions for the Instrumental Music of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. Oxford University Press. p. 243. ISBN 9780195104806.

Further reading

Read other articles:

1999 video gameTom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Rogue SpearDeveloper(s)Red Storm EntertainmentPipe Dream Interactive (Dreamcast)Saffire (PS1)Ubi Soft Milan (GBA)Publisher(s)NA: Red Storm EntertainmentEU: Take-Two InteractiveUbi Soft (GBA)Producer(s)Carl SchnurrDesigner(s)Carl SchnurrProgrammer(s)Todd LewisArtist(s)Steve CottonJonathan PeedinWriter(s)Brian UptonKevin PerryTom ClancyComposer(s)Bill BrownSeriesTom Clancy's Rainbow SixPlatform(s)Windows, Dreamcast, Mac OS, PlayStation, Game Boy Advance...

 

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Jane Rebecca PriceLahir18 February 1860Cheddar, Somerset, EnglandMeninggal24 Mei 1948(1948-05-24) (umur 88)St. Kilda, Victoria, AustraliaPendidikanRoyal College of ArtDikenal atasLukisan, Seni dekoratif Jane Rebecca Price (18 Februari 1860 &...

 

 

Pagan beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Pagan (disambiguasi). Artikel ini bukan mengenai Pagani. Beberapa megalit diyakini memiliki makna religius. Paganisme adalah sebuah istilah yang pertama kali muncul di antara komunitas Kristen di Eropa bagian selatan selama Abad Kuno Akhir.[1] Terdapat banyak perdebatan keilmuan mengenai asal-usul istilah paganisme, terutama karena tidak ada seorang pun sebelum abad ke-20 yang mengidentifikasi diri sebagai seorang pagan.[2&#...

Templat:Nama orang MinangkabuAndrinof Chaniago Menteri Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional Indonesia Ke-13Masa jabatan27 Oktober 2014 – 12 Agustus 2015PresidenJoko Widodo PendahuluArmida AlisjahbanaPenggantiSofyan Djalil Informasi pribadiLahir3 November 1962 (umur 61)Padang, Sumatera BaratPartai politikIndependenSuami/istriYultifaniAnak1Alma materUniversitas IndonesiaFu Hsing Kang CollegeProfesiAkademisiSunting kotak info • L • B Drs. Andrinof Achir Chaniago, M....

 

 

السيب الاسم الكامل نادي السيب تأسس عام 1972؛ منذ 52 سنوات (1972) الملعب ملعب السيبمسقط، عمان(السعة: 14,000) البلد سلطنة عمان  الدوري الدوري العماني 2021–22 الأول (البطل) الإدارة الرئيس شهاب بن طارق آل سعيد المدرب رشيد جابر الطقم الأساسي الطقم الاحتياطي الطقم الثالث تعديل مص�...

 

 

For other uses, see Issachar (disambiguation). Biblical figure and son of Jacob and Leah IssacharיִשָּׂשכָרPainting by Francisco de Zurbarán (from Jacob and his twelve sons, c. 1640–45)PronunciationYissakharBorn10 AvPaddan AramDied(aged 122)Resting placemaybe in Sidon[citation needed]SpouseAridahChildrenTola (son)Puah (son)Jashub (son) Shimron (son)[1]ParentsJacob (father)Leah (mother)RelativesReuben (brother)Simeon (brother)Levi (brother)Judah (brother)Dan (half ...

British politician and judge Sir John Eardley-WilmotCaricature by Spy published in Vanity Fair in 1885.Member of Parliament for South WarwickshireIn office1874–1885 Personal detailsBorn(1810-11-16)16 November 1810Died1 February 1892(1892-02-01) (aged 81)Spouse Eliza Williams ​(m. 1839)​Children8, including William, Revell, and SydneyParentJohn Eardley-Wilmot (father)RelativesJohn Wilmot (grandfather)Edward Eardley-Wilmot (brother)Robert Williams (father-in-...

 

 

مسجد مقبرة معلومات عامة القرية أو المدينة تبريز، محافظة أذربيجان الشرقية الدولة  إيران تعديل مصدري - تعديل   مسجد مقبرة هو مسجد تاريخي يعود إلى عصر الدولة الصفوية، ويقع في تبريز.[1] مراجع ^ Encyclopaedia of the Iranian Architectural History. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran. 19 مايو 2011. مؤ...

 

 

ХристианствоБиблия Ветхий Завет Новый Завет Евангелие Десять заповедей Нагорная проповедь Апокрифы Бог, Троица Бог Отец Иисус Христос Святой Дух История христианства Апостолы Хронология христианства Раннее христианство Гностическое христианство Вселенские соборы Н...

City in Washington, United States Redmond, WA redirects here. For the town in Western Australia, see Redmond, Western Australia. City in Washington, United StatesRedmondCityAerial view of Downtown Redmond SealNickname: Bicycle Capital of the NorthwestLocation of Redmond within King County, Washington.Coordinates: 47°40′10″N 122°7′26″W / 47.66944°N 122.12389°W / 47.66944; -122.12389CountryUnited StatesStateWashingtonCountyKingFounded1871IncorporatedDece...

 

 

For use of covariance in the context of special relativity, see Lorentz covariance. For other uses of covariant or contravariant, see Covariance and contravariance (disambiguation). Vector behavior under coordinate changes A   vector, v, represented in terms of tangent basis   e1, e2, e3 to the   coordinate curves (left), dual basis, covector basis, or reciprocal basis   e1, e2, e3 to   coordinate surfaces (right), in 3-d general curvilinear coordinates (q1, q2, q3), ...

 

 

1952 film by Anthony Asquith The Importance of Being EarnestCriterion Collection DVD coverDirected byAnthony AsquithScreenplay byAnthony AsquithBased onThe Importance of Being Earnest1895 playby Oscar WildeProduced byTeddy BairdEarl St. JohnStarringMichael RedgraveMichael DenisonEdith EvansJoan GreenwoodDorothy TutinMargaret RutherfordMiles MallesonCinematographyDesmond DickinsonEdited byJohn D. GuthridgeMusic byBenjamin FrankelColor processTechnicolorProductioncompanyJavelin FilmsDistributed...

Ligue 1JuaraMontpellier(gelar pertama)DegradasiCaen Dijon AuxerreLiga ChampionsMontpellier Paris Saint-Germain LilleLiga EropaLyon Bordeaux MarseilleJumlah pertandingan380Jumlah gol956 (2,52 per pertandingan)Pencetak golterbanyakOlivier Giroud Nenê (21 gol)Kemenangan kandangterbesarParis Saint-Germain 6–1 Sochaux (22 April 2012)[1]Kemenangan tandangterbesarDijon 1–5 Rennes (7 Agustus 2011)[2] Sochaux 2–6 Rennes (21 September 2011)[2]Pertandingan terbanyak g...

 

 

Former amusement park in Houston, Texas Playland ParkGiant Skyrocket roller coaster, May 1943[1]LocationHouston, Texas, U.S.StatusDefunctOpened1940Closed1967OwnerLouis SluskySloganFun for the whole family!AttractionsTotal10 - 30Roller coasters1 Playland Park was an amusement park located in Houston, Texas operating between 1940 and 1967. Louis Slusky opened Playland Park in 1940 at 9200 South Main. It is remembered for its wooden roller coaster, Giant Skyrocket. Texas' first elevated ...

 

 

شين وارن (بالإنجليزية: Shane Warne)‏  معلومات شخصية الميلاد 13 سبتمبر 1969 [1][2]  أبر فيرنتري جولي، فيكتوريا  [لغات أخرى]‏  الوفاة 4 مارس 2022 (52 سنة) [3]  جزيرة ساموي[3]  سبب الوفاة نوبة قلبية[4]  الطول 183 سنتيمتر  مركز اللعب رامي  [لغات أخر�...

Marcantonio V ColonnaRitratto di Marcantonio V Colonna di Pietro NovelliPrincipe di PalianoStemma In carica1641 –20 gennaio 1659 PredecessoreGirolamo SuccessoreLorenzo Onofrio I Altri titoliPrincipe di CastiglioneDuca di MiragliaMarchese di Giuliano Nascita1608 o 1609 MorteRoma, 20 gennaio 1659 DinastiaColonna PadreFilippo I Colonna MadreLucrezia Tomacelli ConsorteIsabella Gioeni FigliAnnaMaria IsabellaMaria GirolamaMaria AlessandraMaria ColombaLorenzo OnofrioFilippoLucrezia Reli...

 

 

FIBA EuroBasket 1983 Sport Pallacanestro Zona FIBAFIBA Europe Edizione23ª Paese ospitante Francia Periodo26 maggio - 4 giugno Squadre12  Campi3 (in 3 città) Podio Italia (1º titolo) Spagna Unione Sovietica Partite giocate42 Punti segnati6966 (165.86 per partita) MVP Juan Antonio Corbalán Statistiche torneo GiocatoriSquadre Media punti Galīs 33.6 Unione Sovietica 97.3 Torneo valido come qualificazione al Torneo olimpico 1984 Sito ufficialearchive.fiba.com Cronologia de...

 

 

Ministry of the Government of Pakistan This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ministry of Law and Justiceوزارت قانون و انصافEmblem of PakistanAgency overviewJurisdictionGovernment of PakistanHeadquartersPakistan Secretariat, Presidency Road, I...

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Uhart et Mixe. Uhart-Mixe Sur le chemin de Saint-Jacques. Blason Administration Pays France Région Nouvelle-Aquitaine Département Pyrénées-Atlantiques Arrondissement Bayonne Intercommunalité Communauté d'agglomération du Pays basque Maire Mandat Bertrand Joseph Ithurbide 2020-2026 Code postal 64120 Code commune 64539 Démographie Gentilé Uhartear Populationmunicipale 215 hab. (2021 ) Densité 18 hab./km2 Géographie Coordonnées 43° 1...

 

 

Municipal unit in GreeceGargalianoi ΓαργαλιάνοιMunicipal unitCathedral in GargalianoiGargalianoiLocation within the regional unit Coordinates: 37°4′N 21°38′E / 37.067°N 21.633°E / 37.067; 21.633CountryGreeceAdministrative regionPeloponneseRegional unitMesseniaMunicipalityTrifyliaArea • Municipal unit122.7 km2 (47.4 sq mi)Elevation294 m (965 ft)Population (2021)[1] • Municipal unit6,864...