Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is a form of cardiomegaly, or heart enlargement. It can broadly be classified as either right atrial hypertrophy (RAH), overgrowth, or dilation, like an expanding balloon. Common causes include pulmonary hypertension, which can be the primary defect leading to RAE, or pulmonary hypertension secondary to tricuspid stenosis; pulmonary stenosis or Tetralogy of Fallot i.e. congenital diseases; chronic lung disease, such as cor pulmonale. Other recognised causes are: right ventricular failure, tricuspid regurgitation, and atrial septal defect.[1] Right atrial enlargement (RAE) is clinically significant due to its prevalence in diagnosing supraventricular arrhythmias. Further, early diagnosis using risk factors like RAE may decrease mortality because patients with RAE are at 9x more risk of arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions compared to their healthy counterparts.[2]
Symptoms of right atrial enlargement include palpitations, dyspnea, paroxysmal tachycardia, general malaise, shortness of breath, syncope, chest pain, fatigue, cyanosis, loss of appetite, tachycardia, fever, and cough. Many patients with right atrial enlargement are asymptomatic.[3]
Most authors have classified this condition as congenital, but the etiology is still unknown.[3]
Right Atrial Enlargement (RAE) increases the p wave, representing atrial depolarization, on an ECG to an amplitude > 2.5mm in lead II, an abnormality referred to as p-pulmonale, likely due to weakened right atrial myocardium close to the Sinoatrial (SA) node.[4]
ECG criteria for RAE: P wave amplitude in lead II > 2.5 mm and upward deflection of the P wave in lead V1 > 1.5 mm in amplitude.[5]
Large "a" waves on the JVP waveform can also aid in diagnosis.
Robert S. AllenNama lahirRobert Sharon AllenJulukanBobLahir(1900-07-14)14 Juli 1900Latonia, KentuckyMeninggal23 Februari 1981(1981-02-23) (umur 80)Washington, DCDikebumikanArlington National CemeteryPengabdian Amerika SerikatDinas/cabang United States Army Wisconsin Army National GuardLama dinas1916-1929, 1943-1946Pangkat KolonelKesatuan Third United States Army 6th Cavalry RegimentPerang/pertempuranEkspedisi Punitif MeksikoPerang Dunia IPerang Dunia IIPenghargaan Silver Star Legi…
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アンジェラ・リンドヴァルAngela Lindvall Angela Lindvallプロフィール生年月日 1979年1月14日現年齢 44歳出身地 アメリカ合衆国公称サイズ(時期不明)身長 / 体重 180 cm / ― kgスリーサイズ 86 - 62 - 89 cm 単位系換算身長 / 体重5′ 11″ / ― lbスリーサイズ34 - 24 - 35 in活動ジャンル ファッションモデル内容 一般他の活動 女優モデル: テンプレート - カテゴリ アンジェラ・リンドヴァル…
Nepalese political office holders This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of chairpersons of rural municipalities in Nepal – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Politics of Nepal Constitution Fundamental Rights and Duties Human…
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هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أكتوبر 2021) جزء من سلسلة مقالات سياسة ليبيرياليبيريا الدستور الدستور حقوق الإنسان السلطة التنفيذية الرئيس مجلس الوزراء السلطة التشريعية البرلمان السلطة القضائية القض
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