Queen's Lines

Queen's Lines
Part of Fortifications of Gibraltar
Gibraltar
1908 Ordnance Survey map of the Queen's Lines and Prince's Lines
Queen's Lines is located in Gibraltar
Queen's Lines
Queen's Lines
Coordinates36°08′48″N 5°20′52″W / 36.146703°N 5.347647°W / 36.146703; -5.347647
TypeFortified defensive lines
Site information
OwnerGovernment of Gibraltar
ConditionAbandoned

The Queen's Lines are a set of fortified lines, part of the fortifications of Gibraltar, situated on the lower slopes of the north-west face of the Rock of Gibraltar. They occupy a natural ledge which overlooks the landward entrance to Gibraltar and were an extension to the north-east of the King's Lines. They run from a natural fault called the Orillon to a cliff above the modern Laguna Estate, which stands on the site of the Inundation, an artificial lake created to obstruct landward access to Gibraltar.[1] The Prince's Lines run immediately behind and above them on a higher ledge. All three of the Lines were constructed to enfilade attackers approaching Gibraltar's Landport Front from the landward direction.[2]

Clickable map of the Northern Defences of Gibraltar in 1810 (north is to the left)
1908 Ordnance Survey map of the Queen's Lines and Prince's Lines

The Lines were built in 1788[1] but the Spanish or Moors seem to have constructed a much earlier irregular defensive wall on the same site, as depicted in a 1627 map by Don Luis Bravo de Acuña.[3] The Lines run along what had been an access path up to the Granada Gate. During the tenure of William Green as Gibraltar's Senior Engineer from 1761–83, the Lines were repaired, improved and fortified, and the cliffs below were scarped to make them impossible to climb.[4]

They are connected to the King's Lines via a communication gallery completed on 13 September 1782,[5] and to the Prince's Lines via another gallery constructed in 1790.[1] They saw action during the Great Siege of Gibraltar (1779–83) when the Lines were a principal target for Spanish gun batteries; during a heavy bombardment in September 1782, they suffered significant damage.[6]

At the far end of the Queen's Lines is the Queen's Lines Battery, which mounted one 12-pdr between 1781–1834. The gun was then replaced by an 8-inch brass howitzer, and between 1859–89 a ten-inch howitzer and three 24-pdr carronades were mounted there. Behind the Lines three tunnels called the Queen's Lines Galleries were dug out in 1789 to provide bomb-proof shelters. At the eastern end of the Lines, Queen's Advance and Queen's Lookout (built in 1727) provide views out over the isthmus between Gibraltar and Spain.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d Hughes & Migos, pp. 344–5
  2. ^ Cornwell, p. 15
  3. ^ Hughes & Migos, p. 21
  4. ^ Fa & Finlayson, p. 25
  5. ^ Kenyon, p. 64
  6. ^ Drinkwater, p. 304

Bibliography

  • Cornwell, B. (1782). A Description of Gibraltar: with an account of the blockade, siege, the attempt by nine sail of fire ships, the sally made from the garrison, and every thing remarkable or worthy notice that has occurred in that place since the commencement of the Spanish war. London: B. Cornwell.
  • Drinkwater, John (1786). A history of the late siege of Gibraltar, by John Drinkwater. London. OCLC 631054.
  • Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (2006). The Fortifications of Gibraltar. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-016-1.
  • Hughes, Quentin; Migos, Athanassios (1995). Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar. Gibraltar: Exchange Publications. OCLC 48491998.
  • Kenyon, Edward Ranulph (1938). Gibraltar Under Moor, Spaniard, and Briton. London: Methuen.

Read other articles:

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Cambridge (disambigua). Cambridgedistretto e cittàCity of Cambridge Cambridge – VedutaVeduta aerea della città LocalizzazioneStato Regno Unito    Inghilterra RegioneEst Contea Cambridgeshire AmministrazioneSindacoJenny Gawthrope Wood (L) dal 25-5-2023 EsecutivoLaburisti TerritorioCoordinate52°12′29″N 0°07′21″E / 52.208056°N 0.1225°E52.208056; 0.1225 (Cambri...

 

 

Egon SchielePhotograph of Egon Schiele, 1910sLahirEgon Schiele(1890-06-12)12 Juni 1890Tulln an der Donau, Kekaisaran Austria-HungariaMeninggal31 Oktober 1918(1918-10-31) (umur 28)Vienna, Kekaisaran Austria-HungariaKebangsaanAustriaPendidikanAkademie der Bildenden KünsteDikenal atasMelukisKarya terkenalSeated Woman with Bent Knee; Cardinal and Nun; Death and Maiden; The FamilyGerakan politikEkspresionisme Egon Schiele (Jerman: [ˈʃiːlə] ⓘ ƩEE-lə; 12 Juni 1890 – 31 Oktob...

 

 

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang pinggiran kota Sydney, Bondi. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Bondi. BondiSydney, New South WalesBondi dilihat dari North BondiJumlah penduduk9.358 (2006)[1]Didirikan1851Kode pos2026Letak7 km (4 mi) sebelah timur Sydney CBDLGAWaverley CouncilDaerah pemilihan negara bagianCoogee, VaucluseDivisi FederalWentworth Suburban di sekitar Bondi: Bondi Junction Bellevue Hill North Bondi Bondi Junction Bondi Bondi Beach Waverley Bronte Tamarama Bondi ...

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sutradara film. Untuk putra, lihat Jerry Thorpe. Untuk pemain rugbi, lihat Richard Thorpe (pemain rugbi). Untuk sejarawan dan biografer, lihat D. R. Thorpe. Richard ThorpeRichard Thorpe pada tahun 1934LahirRollo Smolt Thorpe(1896-02-24)24 Februari 1896Hutchinson, Kansas, Amerika SerikatMeninggal1 Mei 1991(1991-05-01) (umur 95)Palm Springs, California, Amerika SerikatMakamAbu kremasi dilarung ke Samudera PasifikPekerjaanSutradaraAnakJerry Thorpe Richard ...

 

 

Fundamental change in ideas and practices within a scientific discipline For other uses, see Paradigm Shift (disambiguation). See also: epistemological break Part of a series onScience  Science portal Outline Category Index Glossary Disambiguation History Literature Philosophy Fields (Outline / List) Intrascientific fields Applied sciences Formal sciences Mathematical Computer Interdisciplinary sciences Natural sciences Physical Life Environmental Social sciences Cultural Economical ...

 

 

BarobboAsalWilayahSulawesi SelatanNegara asalIndonesiaRincianBahan utamaJagung,sayuranlbs Barobbo adalah bubur khas Sulawesi Selatan yang berbahan utama Jagung yang dicampur dengan ikan dan berbagai macam sayuran seperti labu kuning, kacang panjang, dan bayam. Jagung yang digunakan biasanya adalah jagung pulut putih atau jagung kuning.[1][2] Manfaat Barobbo memiliki sumber vitamin, serat, mineral, dan zat antioksidan yang sangat kaya. Zat antioksidan ini dapat mengurangi risik...

Prison PlaybookPoster promosiHangul슬기로운 감빵생활 GenreKomedi hitam[1]PembuatLee Woo-jung[1]Ditulis olehJung Bo-hoonSutradaraShin Won-hoPemeranPark Hae-sooJung Kyung-hoNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode16ProduksiProduser eksekutifPark Sung-jaeProduserPark Soo-wooPengaturan kameraSingle-cameraDurasi90 menitRumah produksitvNDistributorCJ ENM NetflixRilis asliFormat gambar1080i (HDTV)Format audioDolby DigitalRilis22 November 2017 (2017-11-22)&#...

 

 

Iranian satellite expendable launch vehicle QasedFunctionSmall-lift space launch vehicleManufacturerIslamic Revolutionary Guard CorpsCountry of originIranSizeStages3[1]Capacity Payload to LEO (500 km)Mass10 ~ 50 kg Associated rocketsFamilyDeveloped into Qaem 100Launch historyStatusActiveLaunch sitesShahroud space centerTotal launches3Success(es)3Failure(s)0First flight22 April 2020Last flight27 September 2023First stageDiameter1.25 m [2]Powered byGhadrMaximum thrust~ 30,000 ki...

 

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Sutton SignWriting (blok Unicode)JangkauanU+1D800..U+1DAAF(688 titik kode)BidangSMPAksaraSignWritingTerpakai672 titik kodeTak terpakai16 titik kode kosongRiwayat versi Unicode8.0672 (+672) Catatan: [1] Templat:Contains SignWriting script Sutton S...

О евреях и их лжинем. Von den Jüden und jren Lügen Жанр антисемитская утка[d] и христианская литература[d] Автор Мартин Лютер Язык оригинала немецкий Дата первой публикации 1543 «О евреях и их лжи» (нем. Von den Juden und ihren Lügen) — памфлет против евреев, написанный в 1543 году Мартином ...

 

 

Ikan kodok Antennarius striatus Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Lophiiformes Famili: Antennariidae Genera Allenichthys Antennarius Antennatus Echinophryne Histiophryne Histrio Kuiterichthys Lophiocharon Nudiantennarius Phyllophryne Rhycherus Tathicarpus Ikan kodok, famili Antennariidae, adalah spesies pada ordo Lophiiformes. Ikan kodok dapat ditemui hampir di seluruh samudra tropis dan subtropis di seluruh dunia, dengan pengecualian di Laut T...

 

 

Historic county of England This article is about the historic county in England. For other uses, see Middlesex (disambiguation). MiddlesexHistoric county1965FlagCoat of armsMiddlesex within Great Britain as in 1888Area • 1801/1881734 km2 (181,320 acres)[1] • 1911601.8 km2 (148,701 acres)[2] • 1961601.7 km2 (148,691 acres)[2] • Coordinates51°30′N 0°25′W / 51.500°N 0.417°W / 51...

Cocos nucifera « Cocotier » redirige ici. Pour les autres significations, voir Cocotier (homonymie). Cocos nucifera Illustration botanique du Cocotier.Classification de Cronquist (1981) Règne Plantae Sous-règne Tracheobionta Division Magnoliophyta Classe Liliopsida Sous-classe Arecidae Ordre Arecales Famille Arecaceae GenreCocosL., 1753 EspèceCocos nuciferaL., 1753 Classification APG III (2009) Classification APG III (2009) Ordre Arecales Famille Arecaceae Sous-famille Arecoide...

 

 

Mountain in Kerry, Ireland This article is about the mountain in County Kerry. For the hill in County Cork, see Caher Mountain (Cork). CaherCathair na FéinneCaher Ridge, with Caher East Top (l) and Caher West Top (r); as seen from CarrauntoohilHighest pointElevation1,000 m (3,300 ft)[1]Prominence99.76 m (327.3 ft)[1]Isolation0.71 miles (1.14 km)ListingFurth, Hewitt, Arderin, Simm, Vandeleur-LynamCoordinates51°59′40″N 9°45′31″W /...

 

 

Station of the Algiers Metro This article is about El Harrach. For other uses, see El Harrach (disambiguation). El Harrach CentreEl Harrach Centre StationGeneral informationLocationEl HarrachCoordinates36°43′19″N 3°08′16″E / 36.72194°N 3.13778°E / 36.72194; 3.13778Line(s) Line 1Platforms2 side platforms at each lineTracks2 per lineConnectionsETUSA line 1, 5, 28.ConstructionAccessibleYesHistoryOpenedJuly 5, 2015 (Line 1)Services Preceding station Algiers Met...

Cone- or frustum-shaped gears for shafts whose axes intersect This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Bevel gear – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Bevel gears are gears where the axes of the two shafts intersect and the tooth-bear...

 

 

1961 Labour Party leadership election ← 1960 2 November 1961 (1961-11-02) 1963 →   Candidate Hugh Gaitskell Tony Greenwood Popular vote 171 59 Percentage 74.4% 25.7% Leader before election Hugh Gaitskell Elected Leader Hugh Gaitskell The 1961 Labour Party leadership election was held when, for the second year in succession, the incumbent leader was challenged for re-election. Normally the annual re-election of the leader had been a formality. Th...

 

 

Figura de Rey por niño de 11 años afecto de TANV. El trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal (también conocido como TANV) es un trastorno de aprendizaje caracterizado por un marcado contraste entre buenas competencias verbales y series dificultades en las competencias viso-espaciales, motoras y sociales. A veces se confunde con el trastorno del espectro autista. El trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal nunca ha sido incluido en el Manual diagnóstico y estad...

Disambiguazione – Se stai cercando il regno napoleonico, vedi Regno di Napoli (1806-1815). Regno di Napoli (dettagli) (dettagli) Motto: Noxias herbas(Le male erbe)[1] Regno di Napoli - LocalizzazioneIn arancione chiaro il Regno di Napoli alla fine del XV secolo, sotto la dinastia aragonese. Dati amministrativiNome completoRegno di Sicilia Citeriore Nome ufficialeRegnum Siciliae citra Pharum(Regno di Sicilia al di qua del Faro). Lingue ufficialiLatino, principale lingua scritta e di...

 

 

American college basketball season 1981–82 Duke Blue Devils men's basketballConferenceAtlantic Coast ConferenceRecord10–17 (4–10 ACC)Head coachMike Krzyzewski (2nd season)Assistant coachChuck SwensonHome arenaCameron Indoor StadiumSeasons← 1980–811982–83 → 1981–82 ACC men's basketball standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT No. 1 North Carolina † 12 – 2   .857 32 – 2   .941 No. 7 Virginia 1...