Prince of Wales Lines

The Prince of Wales Lines were a set of earthworks constructed in Gibraltar in 1756 on the orders of Lord Tyrawley, during his term as Governor of Gibraltar. They consisted of a series of retrenchments for guns and muskets constructed between the glacis of the South Front to the New Mole, south of Gibraltar's urban area.[1]

The ground between the South Front and Rosia Bay was seen as the weakest area of the fortifications of Gibraltar. Only 52 years earlier, the area had seen the British Royal Marines landing there during the capture of Gibraltar.[1] Tyrawley put one of his aides, Captain Charles Rainsford, in charge of what proved to be a controversial project from the start. Rainsford was neither an engineer nor an expert in fortifications, but was a Coldstream Guardsman with an amateur interest in military architecture.[2]

Tyrawley and Rainsford clashed repeatedly with Gibraltar's senior engineer, Colonel William Skinner of the Royal Engineers. They disagreed vehemently over where the new lines were sited and how they were constructed, among other things, with Tyrawley arguing for earthworks and Skinner championing solid stone revetments. Tyrawley considered that earthworks would be quicker and cheaper to build, and would not throw off dangerous splinters when hit by enemy shells. Skinner argued that Gibraltar's hot summer climate would cause the earthworks to crumble, while the heavy winter rains would wash them away.[1]

Map of the Prince of Wales Lines in 1782 (centre, marked with a "K")

Skinner also disagreed strongly with where the lines were to be constructed. He wrote:

The use of the retrenched line on the Red Sand Banks, I cannot pretend to determine, for if it is intended for the defence of the Sea Line in front, its height can only command to the bring of the parapet which hinders the view of the water at least 250 yards from the front. If intended as a retrenchment in case of a breach, it is of little use for it has no flanks and its face can only be defended from the new battery on the South Bastion.[3]

Tyrawley nonetheless went ahead with the project, constructing it from earth as planned. Old barrels were used to provide support for the works and the glacis was made from a mound of the town's rubble. It was then compacted to form a solid mass hard enough, it was said, for the guns to be brought along the covered way without their wheels making an indentation on the ground. Laid out en cremaillère (in a stepwise fashion), the lines were broken at intervals by embrasures for batteries housing guns mounted in pairs. Batteries at the Flat Bastion and the demi-bastion above would provide additional support.[1] The idea was that a defending force would occupy the trenches in the event of an enemy landing and drive off the invaders with volleys of canister or grape shot from 8-inch howitzers.[4]

Skinner's concerns that the earthworks would not withstand the weather seemed at first to be misplaced, as three days of torrential rain in March 1757 caused little damage to the lines. However, in subsequent years the lines were washed away by further bad weather, though Tyrawley claimed that this could have been prevented if the earthworks had been coated with tapia, a kind of mortar made from sand and lime.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Hughes & Migos, pp. 40-41
  2. ^ Hughes & Migos, p. 39
  3. ^ Hughes & Migos, p. 42
  4. ^ Hughes & Migos, pp. 332–3

Bibliography

  • Hughes, Quentin; Migos, Athanassios (1995). Strong as the Rock of Gibraltar. Gibraltar: Exchange Publications. OCLC 48491998.


36°07′47″N 5°21′08″W / 36.1298°N 5.3521°W / 36.1298; -5.3521

Read other articles:

Berberidaceae

Berberidaceae Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta (tanpa takson): Eudikotil Ordo: Ranunculales Famili: Berberidaceae Genera Lihat teks Berberidaceae adalah salah satu suku anggota tumbuhan berbunga. Menurut Sistem klasifikasi APG II suku ini dimasukkan ke dalam bangsa Ranunculales, klad dikotil sejati (Eudikotil)[1] namun tidak termasuk ke dalam dua kelompok besar, Rosidae dan asteridae. Karakteristik Berberidaceae memiliki bunga sempurna dan karpel yang tampak...

 

Engraulis encrasicolus

European anchovy Status konservasi Risiko Rendah (IUCN 3.1)[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Engraulis encrasicolus adalah ikan pakan ternak yang agak mirip dengan ikan haring.[2][3][4] Referensi ^ Tous, P.; Sidibé, A.; Mbye, E.; de Morais, L.; Camara, Y.H.; Adeofe, T.A.; Monroe, T.; Camara, K.; Cissoko, K.; Djiman, R.; Sagna, A.; Sylla, M.; Carpenter, K.E. (2015). Engraulis encrasicolus. 2015: e.T198568A15546291. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T198568A15546291.en...

 

Aguarunichthys torosus

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Aguarunichthys torosus TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasActinopteriOrdoSiluriformesFamiliPimelodidaeGenusAguarunichthysSpesiesAguarunichthys torosus lbs Aguarunichthys torosus, Bolt Catfish atau Yellow-band Catfish, adalah sebuah spesies lele...

Anabar

Peta Anabar. Anabar adalah sebuah distrik di Nauru bagian timur laut. Anabar menempati tanah seluas 1,5 km² yang dihuni 810 jiwa. Anabar juga sebuah konstituensi Nauru, terdiri dari distrik Anabar, Anibare dan Ijuw. Luas wilayahnya 5,1 km² dan populasi 1.240 jiwa. lbsDistrik di Nauru Aiwo · Anabar · Anetan · Anibare · Baiti · Boe · Buada · Denigomodu · Ewa · Ijuw · Meneng&...

 

نظام الحكم

نظام الحكممعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من أشكال الدولةadministrative type (en) نظام سياسي لديه جزء أو أجزاء نظام مؤسسيحقوق مدنيةإدارة عامة صنف بنيوي لـ حكومة تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات نظام الحكم هو مجموعة من المؤسسات السياسية التي تكون الحكومة وتنظم عملها.[1][2] انواعه يو...

 

Springfield, Illinois

Springfield, Illinois Kota Illinois State Capitol di Springfield, Illinois. Flag Seal Moto: Home of President Abraham Lincoln [1] Negara Amerika Serikat Negara bagian Illinois County Sangamon Elevasi 597 ft (182 m) Area 60,3 sq mi (156 km2)  - land 54,0 sq mi (140 km2)  - water 6,3 sq mi (16 km2), 10.45% Population 116,250 (2010)  - metro 208.182 Density 2.064 / sq mi ...

القمة القرمزية

القمة القرمزيةCrimson Peak (بالإنجليزية) شعار الفيلممعلومات عامةالصنف الفني  القائمة ... فيلم رعب قوطي — فيلم فنتازيا — فيلم رومانسي — فيلم دراما — فيلم أشباح المواضيع  القائمة ... حب رومانسي[2] — الأخلاق الجنسية[2] — adelphogamy (en) [2] — star-crossed lovers (en) [2] — قتل الزو�...

 

Kiskiminetas River

For other uses, see Kiskiminetas (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Kiskiminetas River – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) River in Pennsylvania, United StatesKiskiminetas RiverView across the Kiskiminetas River,...

 

Pagal Basti

1991 Nepalese novel by Saru Bhakta Paagal Basti AuthorSaru BhaktaOriginal titleपागल बस्तीCountryNepalLanguageNepali / EnglishPublished1991PublisherSajha PrakashanMedia typePrintAwardsMadan PuraskarISBN9789937320900 Pagal Basti (Nepali: पागल बस्ती, lit. 'Lunatics' Settlement') is a 1991 Nepalese novel written by Saru Bhakta.[1][2] It was published in 1991 by Sajha Prakashan. It won Nepal's foremost literary award, Mada...

List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019)

A large EF4 wedge tornado near the town of Rochelle, Illinois on April 9, 2015. EF4 damage to a farmstead near Sibley Iowa on June 25, 2010 EF4 Tornadoes in the US, 2010–2019 This is a list of tornadoes that have been officially or unofficially labeled as F4, EF4, IF4, or an equivalent rating during the 2010s decade. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a ...

 

Erik II Emune

Erik II Emune Erik II yang Mengesankan (bahasa Denmark: Erik II Emune; skt. 1090 – 18 September 1137) merupakan seorang Raja Denmark antara 1134 dan 1137. Erik adalah putra tidak sah Raja Erik I dari Denmark dan seorang gundik yang tidak diketahui,[1] yang bertakhta di Denmark pada 1095 hingga 1103. Ia diberikan beberapa pulau di Denmark oleh saudara tirinya, Knud Lavard,[2] dan menjabat sebagai jarl di Møn, Lolland, dan Falster.[3] Erik yang mengesankan menenta...

 

نادي ثهلان

نادي ثهلان السعودي الألوان البرتقالي والأبيض الملعب الدوادمي  السعودية البلد السعودية  الدوري دوري الدرجة الرابعة السعودي 2021-2022 2021-2022 الإدارة المالك الهيئة العامة للرياضة ناصر بن سعيد السبيعي الطقم الأساسي الطقم الاحتياطي تعديل مصدري - تعديل   نادي ثهلان السعودي ...

Ioannis Kottounios

Greek scholar (17th century) Ioannis Kottounios (Ioannes Cottunius)Born1577 (1577)Veroia, Ottoman EmpireDied1658 (aged 80–81)Padua, Republic of VeniceAlma materCollegio Pontifico GrecoUniversity of PaduaEraRenaissanceRegionWestern philosophyInstitutionsCollegio Pontifico GrecoUniversity of PaduaUniversity of BolognaMain interestsMedicine, Greek literature, theology and philosophy Ioannis Kottounios (Greek: Ἰωάννης Κωττούνιος, Latin: Joannes Cottunius de ...

 

Бої на півночі Харківської області (2024)

Ця стаття висвітлює поточні бойові дії. Поки події розвиваються, інформація може швидко змінюватися і лишатися непідтвердженою. Бої на півночі Харківської області (2024) Російське вторгнення в Україну (з 2022) Дата: 10 травня 2024 — т. ч. Місце: Харківська область Результат: Б�...

 

梭发那·富马

此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2021年6月16日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 梭发那·富马ເຈົ້າສຸວັນນະພູມາ老挝首相任期1951年11月21日—1954年10月20日前任培·萨纳尼空继任卡代·萨索里特任期1956年3月21日—1958年8月17日前任卡代·萨索里特继任培·萨纳尼空任期1...

Sitompul

SitompulTugu Raja Toga Sitompul di Desa SitompulAksara Batakᯘᯪᯖᯔᯬ᯲ᯇᯞᯮ᯲ (Surat Batak Toba)Nama margaSitompulNama/penulisanalternatifSitompoel (ejaan lama)STPLSilsilahJarakgenerasi denganSiraja Batak1Siraja Batak2Raja Isumbaon3Tuan Sori Mangaraja4Tuan Sorbadibanua (Raja Nai Suanon)5Raja Sobu6Raja Tindang (Sitompul)Nama lengkaptokohRaja Tindang SitompulNama istriBunga Marsondang boru SiregarNama anakRaja TinandanganKekerabatanInduk margaRaja SobuKerabatmargaHasibuanTurunanSit...

 

Pao An Tui

Pao An TuiRekrutan Pao An Tui di BandungPemimpinLoa Sek Hie (Chairman) Oey Kim Sen (Deputi Chairman) Khouw Joe Tjan (Sekretaris) Cong Fai-kim (Bendahara)Waktu operasi1946-1949MarkasBatavia, Hindia BelandaWilayah operasiSebagian Jawa, Sumatra, dan BorneoSekutu Hindia Belanda NICA KNIL Indonesia Timur Republik Tiongkok[1] Kuomintang Lawan  Indonesia PDRI Sukarelawan Jepang (setelah tahun 1946) Pao An Tui (Hanzi tradisional: 保安隊; Hanzi sederhana: 保安队; P...

 

Nijlen

Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité flamande. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Nijlen Héraldique Drapeau Administration Pays Belgique Région  Région flamande Communauté  Communauté flamande Province  Province d'Anvers Arrondissement Malines Bourgmestre Paul Verbeeck (CD&V) (2007-24) Majorité CD&V, Groen-OpenVLD, Nijlen & U (2019-24) SiègesCD&...

Kingdom of Portugal

Kingdom in Southwestern Europe (1139–1910) Kingdom of Portugal[a]Regnum Portugalliae (Latin) Reino de Portugal (Portuguese)1139–1910 Flag(1830–1910) Coat of arms(1834–1910) Motto: In hoc signo vinces (Latin)In this sign thou shalt conquerAnthem: Hymno Patriótico (1809–1834)Patriotic AnthemHino da Carta (1834–1910)Anthem of the CharterThe Kingdom of Portugal in 1800CapitalCoimbra(1139–1255)Lisbon(1255–1910)[b]38°42′N 9°11′W...

 

Puzzle video game

Video game genre For the video game named Puzzle, see Puzzle (American Video Entertainment). A 1994 Mac version of the 1985 tile-matching puzzle video game Chain Shot! Part of a series onPuzzles Types Guessing Riddle Situation Logic Dissection Induction Logic grid Self-reference Mechanical Combination Construction Disentanglement Lock Go problems Folding Stick Tiling Tour Sliding Chess Maze (Logic maze) Word and Number Crossword Sudoku Puzzle video games Mazes Metapuzzles Topics Brain te...