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The papakha (Adyghe: паӀо, romanized: pa'o; Russian: папа́ха, romanized: papakha, IPA: [pɐˈpaxə]; Chechen: холхазан-куй, romanized: holhazan-kuy; Georgian: ფაფახი, papakhi, [pʰapʰaχi]; Armenian: փափախ, romanized: p‘ap‘akh, Armenian pronunciation: [pʰɑˈpʰɑχ]; Azerbaijani: papaq, پاپاق, lit. 'Hat'; ) is a wool hat worn by men throughout the Caucasus and also in uniformed regiments in the region and beyond. The word papakha is of Turkic origin (papakh).^[1]^[2]^[3]

The word papak is also a component of the ethnonym of a Turkic group of uncertain relation: the "Karapapak" (literally "black papakh" in the Azerbaijani language).

Styles

There are two different Caucasian papakhas. One, called a papaha, is a high fur hat, usually made of karakul sheepskin. The hat has the general appearance of a cylinder with one open end and is set upon the head in such a way as to have the brim touch the temples. Some examples have ear-flaps which can be folded up when not in use. The other style is called a kubanka, and is similar to the papaha, but shorter and without ear-flaps.

Prevalence

Papaqs are very important to mountainous peoples' of the Caucasus, where a man's hat is considered a very important part of his identity. Papakhi are donned by the Circassians, Chechens, Dagestanis, and other Caucasian tribes. Papakhas are also donned in Georgia mostly worn in mountainous regions of Pshavi, Khevi, Mtiuleti, and Tusheti. In 1855, after the campaigns in the Caucasus Mountains, the Papakha was introduced in the Russian army as an official part of the uniform for the Cossacks, and later for the rest of the cavalry. Papaq is also very common in Azerbaijan,^[4] Armenia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, as well as among the Uyghurs.

Russian and Soviet army uniforms

Shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, papakhas were removed from the new Red Army uniform because of their association with the old Tsarist regime and the fact that many Cossack regiments of the Tsarist army fought against the Bolsheviks. During the Russian Civil War, many Bolshevik cavalrymen and officers (like Vasily Chapayev) wore papakhas or kubankas because many of them were Cossacks and the hat had been part of the cavalryman's uniform.

Papakhas became part of the uniform again in 1935, but in 1941, were reserved exclusively for full colonels, generals and marshals, thus becoming a symbol of status and high rank. Much later, during Andrei Grechko's tenure as a Defence Minister, the Navy followed suit, introducing their own distinct version resembling a smallish "kubanka" with a visor, which was nicknamed "шапка с ручкой" ("the hat with a handle") by the troops.

In 1994, they were once again removed from military use. Allegedly this was by request of the wearers, who found the hat inefficient. (As the papakha is a relatively short hat that does not protect the ears well, it might be well suited to the mild climate of the Caucasus, but not to lower temperatures elsewhere. The act of removing the papakhas was seen in some quarters as an attempt by the Boris Yeltsin regime to abandon earlier Soviet traditions and symbolically demonstrate the country's commitment to a new political course. In 2005 however, papakhas were reinstated.^{[citation needed]} Papakhas have also been used by the Russian backed Luhansk People's Militia in both the War in Donbas^[5] and the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.^[6]

Contemporary papakha

The Papakha's heritage comes from Central Asia and the Caucasus and is worn across the entire region, including Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, and North Caucasus, as well as Russia and Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan (called telpek) and also Persia.^[7]^[8]

Gallery

Two Persian peasants and two Persian officers gambling, between 1876 and 1933; the standing peasant is wearing a papakha. Brooklyn Museum
Georgian poet and writer Vazha-Pshavela (centre) wearing a Georgian papakha with his family
Armenian military commander Andranik wearing a papakha
Tat men wearing papakha
A man from Khinalug with a papakha
Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe (right) wearing a papakha (telpek) next to rector of the Magtymguly Turkmen State University Gurtnyyaz Nurlyyewic Hanmyradow (left)
Turkmen boy wearing a papakha (telpek) with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev at Turkmenbashi International Airport
Turkmen football fan with a papakha (right)
Azerbaijani old man in Papakh
1766 portrait of Rousseau wearing an Armenian papakha and costume, Allan Ramsay
Traditional Azerbaijani clothing and musical instruments
Makhmud Esambayev, known for his papakha, which he referred to as his "crown"