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Kelompok etnik

Kelompok etnik, juga dieja kelompok etnis, atau etnisitas, juga disebut sebagai bangsa, adalah suatu golongan atau kelompok manusia yang anggota-anggotanya menggolongkan dirinya dengan sesamanya, biasanya berdasarkan garis keturunan yang dianggap sama.[1] Identitas etnik ditandai oleh pengakuan dari orang lain akan ciri khas kelompok tersebut seperti kesamaan adat, kebudayaan, bahasa, agama, perilaku manusia, dan ciri-ciri penggolongan ras manusia.[2][1][3]

Menurut pertemuan internasional tentang tantangan-tantangan dalam mengukur dunia etnik pada tahun 1992, "Etnisitas adalah sebuah faktor fundamental dalam kehidupan manusia. Ini adalah sebuah gejala yang terkandung dalam pengalaman manusia" meskipun definisi ini sering kali mudah diubah-ubah.[3] Yang lain, seperti antropolog Fredrik Barth dan Eric Wolf, menganggap etnisitas sebagai hasil interaksi, dan bukan sifat-sifat hakiki sebuah kelompok.[4] Proses-proses yang melahirkan identifikasi seperti itu disebut etnogenesis. Secara keseluruhan, para anggota dari sebuah kelompok etnik mengklaim kesinambungan budaya melintasi waktu, meskipun para sejarawan dan antropolog telah mendokumentasikan bahwa banyak dari nilai-nilai, praktik-praktik, dan norma-norma yang dianggap menunjukkan kesinambungan dengan masa lalu itu pada dasarnya adalah temuan yang relatif baru.[5]

Garis keturunan

Anggota suatu kelompok etnik pada umumnya ditentukan menurut garis keturunan ayah (patrilinial) seperti orang Batak,[6] menurut garis keturunan ibu (matrilineal) seperti orang Minangkabau,[7] atau menurut keduanya seperti orang Jawa. Ada pula yang ditentukan menurut agamanya, sebutan "Melayu" di Malaysia sebagai contohnya; merujuk kepada seluruh warga negara yang menganut agama Islam terlepas apapun itu identitas etnik atau kelompok etnik aslinya,[8] sebutan "Serani" bagi yang beragama Kristen,[9] komunitas Muslim di Bosnia, Moro (atau Bangsa Moro) di Filipina Selatan,[10] dan lain sebagainya.

Kelompok etnik campuran

Terdapat kelompok etnik hasil percampuran ras seperti Peranakan (sebutan yang umumnya merujuk kepada orang Jawa dengan Tionghoa), Orang Indo (sebutan untuk campuran Eropa dengan Indonesia), Mestizo (sebutan untuk campuran Hispanik dengan pribumi), Mulatto (campuran kulit hitam dengan kulit putih), orang Eurasia, dan lain sebagainya.

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Smith 1987.
  2. ^ "Anthropology. The study of ethnicity, minority groups, and identity," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Statistics Canada Definition of Ethnicity". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-06-17. Diakses tanggal 2008-06-04. 
  4. ^ Fredrik Barth ed. 1969 Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Cultural Difference; Eric Wolf 1982 Europe and the People Without History hlm. 381
  5. ^ Friedlander 1975 Being Indian in Hueyapan, Hobsbawm and Ranger 1983 The Invention of Tradition, Sider 1993 Lumbee Indian Histories.
  6. ^ Andaya, Leonard Y. (2008). Leaves of the Same Tree: Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka (dalam bahasa Inggris). University of Hawaii Press. hlm. 146. ISBN 978-0-8248-3189-9. 
  7. ^ TANNER, NANCY MAKEPEACE (1982). "THE NUCLEAR FAMILY IN MINANGKABAU MATRILINY: THE MIRROR OF DISPUTES". Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. 138 (1): 129–151. ISSN 0006-2294. 
  8. ^ Barnard, Timothy P. (2004). Contesting Malayness: Malay Identity Across Boundaries (dalam bahasa Inggris). NUS Press. hlm. 40. ISBN 978-9971-69-279-7. 
  9. ^ Fernandis, Gerard (2000). “Papia, Relijang e Tradisang: The Portuguese Eurasians in Malaysia: Bumiquest, a search for self identity : Lusophonies asiatiques, Asiatiques en lusophonies.” Lusotopie: hal. 262.
  10. ^ Kamlian, Jamail A. (2012-10-20). "Who are the Moro people?". INQUIRER.net (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 30 September 2020. 

Bacaan lanjutan

  • Sider, Gerald, Lumbee Indian Histories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1987). "The Ethnic Origins of Nations". Blackwell. 
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1998). Nationalism and modernism. A Critical Survey of Recent Theories of Nations and Nationalism. London – New York: Routledge.
  • Smith, Anthony D. (1999). "Myths and memories of the Nation". Oxford University Press. 
  • Thernstrom, Stephan A. ed. Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (1981)

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