OTR-21 Tochka

OTR-21 Tochka
SS-21 Scarab
Tochka-U missile systems at a Russian rehearsal for a parade in Yekaterinburg
TypeTactical ballistic missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1976–present (Scarab A)
1989–present (Scarab B)
Used bySee Operators
WarsYemeni Civil War (1994)
First Chechen War
Second Chechen War
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Production history
ManufacturerKBM (Kolomna)
Unit cost$300,000[1]
Produced1973
Specifications
Mass2,000 kg (4,400 lb) Scarab A
2,010 kg (4,430 lb) Scarab B
Length6,400 mm (250 in)
Diameter650 mm (26 in)
Crew3
Maximum firing range70 km (43 mi) Scarab A
120 km (75 mi) Scarab B
WarheadChemical, 100 kt nuclear warhead, EMP, or fragmentation filling
Main
armament
1 × OTR 21/9K79 Tactical Ballistic Missile
EngineSingle-stage solid-propellant rocket
96kN[2]
Maximum speed 1.8 km/s (1.1 mi/s; Mach 5.3)
Guidance
system
Inertial guidance, Tochka-R added passive radar against radar installations
Accuracy150 m (Tochka)
95 m (Tochka-U)
Launch
platform
BAZ-5921 [ru] Mobile TEL

OTR-21 Tochka (Russian: оперативно-тактический ракетный комплекс (ОТР) «Точка», romanized: operativno-takticheskiy raketnyy kompleks (OTR) "Tochka", lit. 'Tactical Operational Missile Complex "Point"') is a Soviet tactical ballistic missile. Its GRAU designation is 9K79. Its NATO reporting name is the SS-21 Scarab. One missile is transported per 9P129 vehicle and raised prior to launch. It uses an inertial guidance system.[3][4]

The OTR-21 forward deployment to East Germany began in 1981,[citation needed] replacing the earlier Luna-M series of unguided artillery rockets. The system was scheduled to be decommissioned by the Russian Armed Forces in 2020 in favour of the 9K720 Iskander,[5] but they have been observed in use against Ukrainian targets during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6][7]

Description

The OTR-21 is a mobile missile launch system, designed to be deployed along with other land combat units on the battlefield. While the 9K52 Luna-M is large and relatively inaccurate, the OTR-21 is much smaller. The missile itself can be used for precise strikes on enemy tactical targets, such as control posts, bridges, storage facilities, troop concentrations and airfields. The fragmentation warhead can be replaced with a nuclear, biological or chemical warhead. The solid propellant makes the missile easy to maintain and deploy.

OTR-21 units are usually managed in a brigade structure.[where?] There are 18 launchers in a brigade. Each launcher is provided with two or three missiles.[8]

The vehicle is amphibious, with a maximum road speed of 60 km/h (37 mph) and 8 km/h (5.0 mph) in water. The vehicle is NBC-protected. The system began development in 1968. Three variants were developed.[9]

Tochka

The initial version, Tochka, NATO reporting name Scarab A, entered service with the Soviet Army in 1975.[8] It carried one of four types of warhead:

  • 9M123F unitary High explosive warhead. Weight 420 kilograms (930 lb).[8]
  • 9M123K submunitions warhead. Anti-personnel, anti-armour and anti-runway submunitions available.[8]
  • 9M79B nuclear. Selectable yield of 10 or 100 kT.[8]
  • 9N123R EMP warhead.[8]

The minimum range was about 15 km (9.3 mi), maximum range was 70 km (43 mi). Its circular error probable (CEP) is estimated to be about 150 m (490 ft).[8]

A 9M79K missile for the 9K79 Tochka missile system

Tochka-U

The improved Tochka-U, NATO reporting name Scarab B, passed state tests from 1986 to 1988, and was introduced in 1989.

A new motor propellant increased the range to 120 km (75 mi). The CEP significantly improved, to 95 m (312 ft).[10] Six warhead options have been reported, a unitary high explosive warhead, an anti-personnel submunition dispenser, an anti-radar warhead, an EMP warhead and two nuclear warheads.[11]

Scarab C

An unconfirmed[9] third variant, designated Scarab C by NATO, may have been developed in the 1990s, but was likely never operational.[9] Range increased to 185 km (115 mi), and the CEP decreased to less than 70 m (229 ft). Scarab C weighed 1,800 kg (4,000 lb).

Configuration

  • 9M79 missiles with various types of warheads (-9M79-1 for Tochka U Complex).
  • Launcher 9P129 or 9P129-1M (SPU);
  • Transport and loading machine 9T218 or 9T128-1 (TZM);
  • Transport vehicle 9T222 or 9T238 (TM);
  • Automatic testing machine 9V819 or 9V819-1 (AKIM);
  • Technical service vehicle 9V844 or 9V844M (MTO).
  • Set of weapon equipment 9F370-1 (KAO);

Educational means:[citation needed]

  • Simulator 9F625M;
  • Missile overall weight model (such as 9M79K-GVM).
  • 9M79-UT training missile and 9N123F (K) -UT, 9N39-UT warhead. 9H123F-R UT;
  • 9M79-RM missile and 9N123K-RM missile split training model.

Operational history

Syrian civil war (2011–present)

  • In early December 2014, the Syrian Army fired at least one Tochka against Syrian rebels during the Siege of Wadi al-Deif (near Maarat al-Numan, in Idlib province).[18]
  • On 26 April 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebels in the Syrian Civil Defense Center in west Aleppo.[19]
  • On 14 June 2016, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka at Syrian rebel groups Al-Rahman Legion and Jaysh Al-Fustat in Eastern Ghouta, killing several fighters.[20]
  • On 20 March 2018, the Syrian Army fired a Tochka towards the Turkish Hatay province, which fell in the border district of Yayladağı without causing any casualties or damage.[21][22]
  • On 23 July 2018, the Syrian Army fired two Tochka missiles near the Israeli border. Initially thought to be inbound to Israel near the Sea of Galilee, two David's Sling interceptors were fired by Israel. A few moments later it became clear they were going to strike within Syria, as such one interceptor was detonated over Israel while the other one fell inside Syria.[23] One Tochka missile landed 1 kilometer inside Syria.[24]
  • On 5 March 2021, the Syrian Army reportedly fired a KN-02 Toksa, a North Korean copy, solid fuelled short ranged missile against a major oil facility in the country’s Idlib governorate, which is currently under the control of Turkish-backed insurgents.[25] The strike near oil facilities ignited major blazes and killed one and wounded 11 people.[25]

Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

  • Azerbaijan claimed Armenia fired Tochka-U rockets at its territory during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Armenia denied this, stating that Azerbaijan is making "disinformation to justify the use of a similar system or a system of a higher caliber."[37]

Russo-Ukrainian War

  • On 24 February 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a missile attack on Russian Millerovo Airbase in Rostov Oblast, using two Tochka-U ballistic missiles in response for the Russian invasion of Ukraine and to prevent further air strikes by the Russian air force against Ukraine.[38] The attack left one Su-30SM destroyed on the ground.[39]
  • On 24 February 2022, a 9M79 Tochka missile fired by Russian forces struck near a hospital building in Vuhledar, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine, killing 4 civilians and wounding 10. An Amnesty International investigation confirmed that the hospital was not a military target.[40]
  • On 14 March 2022, the Russian Federation and the government of the separatist Donetsk People Republic blamed Ukrainian forces of launching a Tochka-U missile which killed 23 civilians and wounded 28 in Donetsk.[41] The housing facility was supposedly used as a barracks for separatists forces.[42]
  • On 19 March 2022, Russian forces claimed that they shot down a Ukrainian-fired missile near the Port of Berdiansk.[42]
  • On 24 March 2022, the Russian Navy landing ship Saratov, docked in Berdyansk port in Ukraine, caught fire and sunk.[43] On 3 July, a Russian official confirmed the sinking of the Saratov, a Soviet era Tapir-class landing ship. The ship was hit by a Tochka-U missile. Russia claims that the ship was scuttled by its crew to prevent its munitions from exploding and that the ship has been salvaged since.[44]
  • On 8 April 2022, the railway station in Kramatorsk under Ukrainian control was hit by two Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles. The attack killed at least 52 civilians and injured at least 87 more. Later, Russia falsely blamed Ukraine for the strike.[45] The message in Russian "Za detei", meaning on behalf of the children, had been daubed on the missile in white.[46][47][48]
  • On 16 June 2022, a Russian ammunition warehouse in the occupied Ukrainian city of Khrustalnyi was report to have been hit by a Ukrainian Tochka-U missile.[49][self-published source?]
  • On 13 January 2023, Ukraine claims to have killed over 100 Russian soldiers in the Soledar area using various special forces, artillery and a Tochka-U missile.[50]
  • On 12 May 2024, according to Russian government and state media reports, a Ukrainian missile attack reportedly containing Tochka-U's allegedly damaged a 10-story residential building in Belgorod, with a reported death toll of 15 people.[51]

Operators

A map of OTR-21 operators in blue, with former operators in red. (Note: Russian Tochka-U ballistic missiles were returned to service amid Ukraine war in March 2022).[52]
An Armenian OTR-21 during the Independence Day parade in Yerevan, 2016
Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka missiles during the Independence Day parade in Kyiv, 2008

Current operators

 Armenia
3+ launchers as of 2024[53]
 Azerbaijan
4 Tochka-U launchers as of 2024[54]
 Bulgaria
Unknown number of launchers as of 2024[55]
 Kazakhstan
12 launchers as of 2024[56]
 North Korea
Unknown numbers of KN-02 Toksa variant as of 2024[57]
 Russia
In 2022, it was estimated that Russia had 200 missiles in service, despite being largely replaced by the Iskander.[58] 50 launchers as of 2024[59]
 Ukraine
In 2022, it was estimated that Ukraine had 90 launchers and 500 missiles.[17] Unknown number of launchers as of 2024, possibly no longer operational[60]
 Syria
Unknown number of launchers as of 2024[61]

Former operators

 Belarus
36 Tochka-U launchers in 2022, split in three brigades with 12 launchers each according to the International Institute of Strategic Studies, while the Belarusian order of battle only lists the 465th Missile Brigade.[62] None in service in 2024[63]
 Czechoslovakia
8 launchers in 1989.[64] Passed on to successor states.[65][66]
 Czech Republic
Inherited from Czechoslovakia, remained in service as late as 2004[66]
 East Germany
8 launchers in 1989,[67] scrapped after the German reunification[68]
 North Yemen
Ordered 12 launchers and around 100 missiles. Declared operational in 1988.[69] They were used during the 1994 civil war,[70] and were passed on to unified Yemen after.[71]
 Poland
4 launchers and 40 missiles delivered in 1987,[72] remained in service as late as 2008[73]
 Slovakia
Inherited a small number from Czechoslovakia, remained in service as late as 2001[65]
 Soviet Union
300 launchers in 1991,[74] passed on to successor states[58]
 Yemen
Inherited from North Yemen.[75] Used during the 1994 civil war and the ongoing civil war.[76] None in service in 2024[77]

See also

References

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  2. ^ Some important Soviet solid fuel missilesArchived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine & 9M79M (Totchka)
  3. ^ Dullum, Ove (30 June 2010). "The Rocket Artillery Reference Book" (PDF). Norwegian Defence Research Establishment.
  4. ^ "Technikkatalog - Taktische Rakete (TR) 9M79B, F, K". Rocket and Weapons Technical Service, Leipzig. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  5. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2020). Russia's Military Modernisation: An Assessment. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-000-34451-6.
  6. ^ Williams, Ian (16 August 2023). Putin's Missile War: Russia's Strike Campaign in Ukraine. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-5381-7067-0.
  7. ^ Alberque, William (6 March 2023). "What has the war revealed about Russia's non-strategic missiles?". Online Analysis. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Lennox 2003, p. 147.
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  10. ^ Lennox 2003, pp. 147–148.
  11. ^ Lennox 2003, p. 148.
  12. ^ Zaloga, Steven J. Scud Ballistic Missile and Launch Systems 1955-2005, page 39.
  13. ^ "It Was No Spontaneous, But Planned War". Novaya Gazeta. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
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  17. ^ a b Cooper et al. 2023, p. 168.
  18. ^ "( + ) -". 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.[failed verification]
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  33. ^ "Dozens of Saudi-led Forces Killed in Yemen New Tochka Attack- Al Manar TV Website Archive". Almanar.com.lb. 18 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  34. ^ Leith Fadel. "Over 200 Saudi-led Coalition fighters killed in Tochka missile strike". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
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  36. ^ "Defense Digest on Twitter: "Updated #Tochka strike damage in Al Anad in #Yemen, 120 Sudanese dead out of the 145 killed & more than 250 injured"". postskriptum.org.com. 31 January 2016. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  37. ^ Yerevan debunks reports of Tochka-U missile system use in Nagorno-Karabakh Archived 2020-10-02 at the Wayback Machine Tass, 30 Sept 2020.
  38. ^ "Ukrainian forces launch missile attack on Russia's military airfield". EuroMaidan Press. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 26 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
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  43. ^ "Russian Landing Ship Destroyed In Massive Explosion In Captured Ukrainian Port City". The Drive. 24 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
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  49. ^ @Osinttechnical (22 June 2022). "Footage on the ground from Krasnyi Luch near the Russian ammunition depot that was hit by a Ukrainian OTR-21 Tochka-…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
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  69. ^ Cooper, Tom (2017). Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-912174-23-2.
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A catena is a sequence of soils down a slope, created by the balance of processes such as precipitation, infiltration and runoff. A catena in soil science (pedology) is a series of distinct but co-evolving soils arrayed down a slope.[1] Each soil type or facet differs somewhat from its neighbours, but all occur in the same climate and on the same underlying parent material. A mature catena is in equilibrium as the processes of deposition and erosion are in balance. Concept The term so...

 

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