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The RT-21 was the first mobile ICBM developed in the world.[citation needed] Its innovative concept and design were created by Alexander Nadiradze. The RSD-10 Pioneer and succeeding missile complexes relied on the RT-21 base concept and were used by Nadiradze for many of his later projects. The program became mired in a series of treaty complications, including questions regarding its use of theatre missile launchers. It is unlikely that the RT-21 ultimately reached deployment, and by the mid-1980s, the program had been scrapped. Its maximum period of storage on a launcher was 5 years, and preparation time for launch was 40 minutes.[1]