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Mushroom ketchup is a style of ketchup that is prepared with mushrooms as its primary ingredient. Originally, ketchup in the United Kingdom was prepared with mushrooms as a primary ingredient, instead of tomato, the main ingredient in most modern preparations of ketchup. Historical preparations involved packing whole mushrooms into containers with salt. It is used as a condiment and may be used as an ingredient in the preparation of other sauces and other condiments. Several brands of mushroom ketchup were produced and marketed in the United Kingdom, some of which were exported to the United States, and some are still manufactured as a commercial product.

History

In the United Kingdom, ketchup was historically made with mushrooms as a primary ingredient.^[1]^[2]^[3] The outcome was sometimes referred to as "mushroom ketchup".^[1] Currently, ketchup's primary ingredient is typically tomato.^[4] Mushroom ketchup appears to have originated in Great Britain.^[5] In the United States, mushroom ketchup dates back to at least 1770 in English-speaking colonies in North America.^[5] A manuscript cookbook from Charleston, South Carolina that was written in 1770 by Harriott Pinckney Horry documented a mushroom ketchup that used two egg whites to clarify the mixture.^[5] This manuscript also contained a recipe for walnut ketchup.^[5] Richard Briggs's The English Art of Cookery, first published in 1788,^[6] has recipes for both mushroom ketchup and walnut ketchup.^[5]

Ingredients and preparation

The preparation of mushroom ketchup involved packing whole mushrooms into containers with salt, allowing time for the liquid from the mushrooms to fill the container, and then cooking them to a boiling point in an oven.^[2] They were finished with spices such as mace, nutmeg and black pepper, and then the liquid was separated from solid matter by straining. Several species of edible mushrooms were used in its preparation,^[7] and some versions used vinegar as an ingredient.^[3] The final product had a dark color that was derived from the spores that transferred from the mushrooms to the solution.^[1] The version in The English Art of Cookery calls for dried mushrooms to be used for the ketchup's preparation.^[6] This version also uses red wine in the ketchup's preparation, and uses a cooking reduction, in which one-third of the product is reduced, after which the final product is bottled.^[6]

The book British Edible Fungi, published in 1891, states that for optimal results, "mixed fungi should not be used, beyond certain limits..."^[1] Per this source, some species of mushrooms may be mixed together in mushroom ketchup's preparation, but certain species should not be mixed together, and some should not be mixed with others at all.^[1] This book also includes a preparation for "double ketchup" that involves reducing mushroom ketchup to half its original volume, which doubles its strength through the evaporation of water.^[1]

In some instances in the late 19th century in the United States, ketchup sold in towns and labeled as "mushroom ketchup" did not actually contain mushrooms.^[1] These products have been described as "easy to detect", and as distinguishable by the use of a microscope.^[1]

Use in foods

In the 19th century, some sauces were prepared using mushroom ketchup, such as "quin sauce".^[5] Quin sauce may be prepared by adding mushroom ketchup ^[5] or walnut ketchup and anchovies to a prepared essence d'assortiment sauce,^[8]^[9] which is prepared using white wine, vinegar, lemon juice, dried mushrooms, garlic, shallot, cloves, bay leaves, mace, nutmeg, salt and pepper.^[8]

It is also used as an ingredient to flavor Scotch brown soup, a bread soup made with beef, in an early 19th-century recipe from Christian Isobel Johnstone.

Use in other condiments

An 1857 recipe for "camp ketchup" used mushroom ketchup as an ingredient, in addition to beer, white wine, anchovy, shallot, ginger, mace, nutmeg and black pepper.^[3] The recipe combined these ingredients and then called for allowing the mixture to sit for fourteen days, after which it was bottled.^[3] Additional 1857 recipes for camp ketchup used ingredients such as mushroom ketchup, vinegar, walnut ketchup, anchovy, soy, garlic, cayenne pods and salt.^[3]

Varieties

Commercial varieties

Several commercial mushroom ketchups were, and still are, produced in the United Kingdom; some of the brands included Crosse and Blackwell's Mushroom Catsup, Morton's Mushroom Ketchup, Jacky's Pantry Mushroom Ketchup and Geo Watkins Mushroom Ketchup.^[10] Some of these companies exported their product to the United States, which created competition with ketchup products manufactured in the U.S. by the H. J. Heinz Company.^[11]

A bottle of Geo Watkins Mushroom Ketchup
A bottle of Jacky's Pantry Mushroom Ketchup

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Cooke, Mordecai Cubitt (1891). British Edible Fungi. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company Limited. pp. 201–206.
^ ^a ^b Bell, Annie (5 June 1999). "Condiments to the chef". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 10 September 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Branston, Thomas F. (1857). The hand-book of practical receipts of every-day use. Lindsay & Blakiston. pp. 148–149.
^ Gladwell, Malcolm (30 August 2004). "The Ketchup Conundrum". The New Yorker. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Smith 1996, pp. 16–17.
^ ^a ^b ^c Briggs, Richard (1788). The English Art of Cookery, According to the Present Practice. G. G. J. and J. Robinson. pp. 595–596.
^ Cooke, M.C. (1891). British Edible Fungi: How to Distinguish and How to Cook Them. With Coloured Figures of Upwards to Forty Species. pp. 201–202. Ketchup, or catsup, for the name is written both ways, is a sauce prepared from mushrooms, and was at one time believed to be obtained exclusively from the common mushroom and the meadow mushroom ... It is an error to suppose that good ketchup can only be made from the two mushrooms above named, for we should add also the wood mushroom (Agaricus sylvaticus), the two species of Coprinus or deliquescient mushrooms (Coprinus comatus and Coprinus atramentarius), and the two species of viscid Gomphidius (Gomphidius glutinosus and Gomphidius viscidus). The warted mushroom (Agaricus rubescens) and even the common velvety mushroom (Agaricus velutinus) may be added to other species. All these are ketchup mushrooms of the first class, but mushroom gatherers collect almost anything that looks promising ...
^ ^a ^b Jennings 1837, p. 163.
^ Jennings 1837, p. 181.
^ Smith 1996, 'p. 221.
^ Money, N.P. (2011). Mushroom. Oxford University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-19-991236-0.