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Tomato sauce
	Fresh tomato sauce
Alternative names	Salsa roja, sugo
Type	Sauce
Place of origin	Mexico
Region or state	Aztec Empire
Main ingredients	Tomatoes
Variations	Salsa picante, arrabbiata sauce
	Cookbook: Tomato sauce; Media: Tomato sauce;

Tomato sauce (Spanish: salsa roja, French: sauce tomate, or Italian: salsa di pomodoro) can refer to many different sauces made primarily from tomatoes, usually to be served as part of a dish, rather than as a condiment. Tomato sauces are common for meat and vegetables, but they are perhaps best known as bases for sauces for Mexican salsas and Italian pasta dishes. Tomatoes have a rich flavor, high water content, soft flesh which breaks down easily, and the right composition to thicken into a sauce when stewed, without the need for thickeners such as roux or masa. All of these qualities make them ideal for simple and appealing sauces.

In countries such as the United Kingdom, India, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, the term tomato sauce is used to describe a condiment similar to what Americans call ketchup. In some of these countries, both terms are used for the condiment.

History

Tomato sauces, along with similarly related and prepared tomatillo sauces, are presumed to have been in use since antiquity by the peoples of Central and South America as bases for many dishes. However, much of Pre-Columbian cuisine history in Mexico, along with other culturally significant information, had been purged during the periods of conquest by Europeans, chiefly the Spanish.^[2] Bernardino de Sahagún, a Franciscan friar from the Kingdom of Spain, is believed to be the first European to write about tomato sauce after encountering it for sale in the markets of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City, today).^[3]

The first Italian recipe of tomato sauce was published under the name "Spanish tomato sauce"^[4] in Lo Scalco alla Moderna ('The Modern Steward'), written by Italian chef Antonio Latini and published in two volumes in 1692 and 1694. Tomato sauce also began to be used in the cuisine of the south of France at the same time, particularly in Provence and the Basque Country. The Provençals who went to Paris for the National Federation Day of July 14, 1790, demanded tomatoes everywhere they went.^[5] The use of tomato sauce with pasta appeared for the first time in 1790 in the Italian cookbook L'Apicio moderno, by Roman chef Francesco Leonardi.^[6]

The first written recipe for canned tomatoes comes from Vaucluse, in southern France, it appears in a document written by an individual in 1795.^[7]

Cooked tomato sauces

A simple tomato sauce consists of chopped or ground tomatoes sautéed in olive oil and simmered until they lose their raw flavor, seasoned to taste with salt, or other herbs or spices. Tomato skins and seeds are generally removed.

Tomato sauce may be thinner than the tomato purée it may be made from. It may serve as an ingredient in other dishes, such as spaghetti and meatballs.

Water or a more flavorful liquid such as stock or wine is sometimes added to keep the sauce from becoming too thick while simmering. Onion and garlic are often sweated or sautéed before the tomatoes are added, or puréed together with tomatoes and then cooked together. Other seasonings typically include dried red chili flakes, epazote, basil, oregano, parsley, and black pepper.

Many meat-based sauces include tomatoes, such as ragù alla napoletana; in the Italian version of ragù alla bolognese, tomato is a relatively minor ingredient.

Raw tomato sauces

In Italy, there are many pasta sauces based on raw, uncooked tomatoes.^[8] In Mexico, the best-known raw tomato sauce is pico de gallo, also known as salsa cruda.

In France, raw tomato sauce is known as saoussoun^[9] in the Alpes-Maritimes. Sauce vierge is another French sauce made from raw tomato, basil, lemon juice and olive oil, a bit similar to mexican pico de gallo.^[10]

Varieties

Mexico

Chile relleno covered in tomato sauce served at a traditional *fonda* restaurant

Tomato sauce was an ancient condiment in Mesoamerican food. The first person to write about what may have been a tomato sauce was Bernardino de Sahagún, a Spanish Franciscan friar who later moved to New Spain, who made note of a prepared sauce that was offered for sale in the markets of Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today). He wrote (translated from Spanish),

They sell some stews made of peppers and tomatoes – usually put in them peppers, pumpkin seeds, tomatoes, green peppers and fat tomatoes and other things that make tasty stews.^[3]
— Florentine Codex (1540–1585)

Spaniards later brought the use of tomatoes to Europe.

Basic Mexican tomato sauce was traditionally prepared using a molcajete to puree the tomatoes. Food that is cooked in tomato sauce is known as entomatada. Tomato sauce is used as a base for spicy sauces and moles.^[11]

Italy

Tomato sauce in Italian cuisine is first mentioned in Antonio Latini's cookbook Lo scalco alla moderna (Naples, 1692).^[12] Latini was chef to the Spanish viceroy of Naples, and one of his tomato recipes is for sauce "in the Spanish style" (Italian: alla spagnuola). The first known use of tomato sauce with pasta appears in the Italian cookbook L'Apicio moderno, by the Roman chef Francesco Leonardi, published in 1790.^[6]

Italian tomato dishes range from simple pasta al pomodoro to the piquant puttanesca and arrabbiata sauces. Tomato-based sauces for pasta may also include sausage, clams, pancetta cubes, tuna, or vegetables.

Tomato-garlic sauce is prepared using tomatoes as a main ingredient, and is used in various cuisines and dishes. In Italian cuisine, alla pizzaiola is tomato-garlic sauce, which is used on pizza, pasta and meats.^[13]

France

Sauce tomate is one of the five mother sauces of classical French cooking, as codified by Auguste Escoffier in the early 20th century. It consists of salt belly of pork, onions, bay leaves, thyme, tomato purée or fresh tomatoes, roux, garlic, salt, sugar, and pepper.^[14]

Basic cooked tomato sauce, with garlic and olive oil is also a classic in the cuisine of southern France, it is used in many dishes like piperade, tian, chichoumeille, alouettes sans têtes (a kind of paupiette).

Tomato sauce can also be served raw, in this case it is named saoussoun (grated raw tomato with onions, olive oil and herbs)^[15] or sauce vierge (diced raw tomato with olive oil, lemon , garlic and basil).^[16]

Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

Various brands of Australian tomato sauce, along with Heinz ketchup

Tomato sauce is a popular, commercially produced table sauce, similar to tomato ketchup, which is typically applied to foods such as meat pies, sausages, and fish and chips.^[17] Some sources say that Australian tomato sauce has less tomato than ketchup,^[18] but this varies between brands.

Tomato-based sauces served with pasta are commonly referred to as "pasta sauce"^[19] or "Napoletana sauce".

United Kingdom

The meaning of the term "tomato sauce" depends on the context; on a restaurant menu the phrase "in a tomato sauce" means a freshly prepared tomato-based sauce as used on pasta, and colloquially it may refer to either the pasta sauce, or tomato ketchup.^{[citation needed]} Collins English Dictionary lists the term as "another name for tomato ketchup" in British English.^[20]

Canada and United States

In Canada and the U.S., tomato sauce is typically sold jarred or canned, with minimal ingredients, and is not normally used as is. Related ingredients are tomato purée and tomato paste, each of which is similar but paste has a thicker consistency. Tomato purée and tomato paste have US FDA standards of identity (since 1939) for percentage of tomato solids, and historically did not contain seasonings other than salt; in recent decades variants with basil or other traditional Italian seasonings became common. Tomato sauce is non-standardized.^[21]

Louisiana

A spicy tomato sauce known as sauce piquante is common in Louisiana Cajun cuisine, that can contain any seafood, poultry, or meats such as wild game. It is typically served over white rice. In Louisiana Creole cuisine, there is a tomato sauce known as a Creole sauce. It is similar to Italian tomato sauce, but features more Louisiana flavors derived from the fusion of French and Spanish cooking styles. They both usually contain the traditional holy trinity of diced bell pepper, onion, and celery.

Tomato gravy

Tomato gravy is distinct from the term as used by Italian Americans when referring to a type of tomato sauce particularly where tomatoes were a staple food.^[22] The cooked tomatoes, some fat (usually cured pork fat) and flour are cooked together until thick, and seasoned with salt and pepper. Onions or bell peppers may be added as well. Typically, tomato gravy is served over pasta.

Sunday gravy

Common in Italian American cuisine is a tomato-based sauce called Sunday gravy or Sunday sauce, which can be prepared with a variety of meats.^[23]

India

Some Indian curries have a tomato-based sauce, notably many vegetarian style dishes.^[24]

References

^ Gomez-Rejón, Maite (2019). "Mexico's Early Cookbooks". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.655. ISBN 978-0-19-936643-9.
^ Keen, Benjamin (1 November 1985). "Main Currents in United States Writings on Colonial Spanish America, 1884-1984". Hispanic American Historical Review. 65 (4): 657–682. doi:10.1215/00182168-65.4.657. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
^ ^a ^b Azcoytia Luque, Carlos (4 September 2012). "Historia del tomate" [History of the tomato]. Historia de la Cocina y la Gastronomía (in Spanish).
^ MacAllen, Ian (12 February 2020). ""Spanish" Tomato Sauce by Antonio Latini". Red Sauce America. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "La tomate". www.naturosante.com (in French). Retrieved 16 July 2024.^{[better source needed]}
^ ^a ^b Faccioli, Emilio (1987). L'Arte della cucina in Italia : libri di ricette e trattati sulla civiltà della tavola dal XIV al XIX secolo (in Italian). Milano: Einaudi. ISBN 9788806598808. OCLC 18389061.^{[page needed]}
^ Davidson, Alan (2014). Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-175627-6.
^ Buonassisi, Vincenzo (1985). Il Nuovo Codice della Pasta [The New Manual of Pasta] (in Italian). Milan: Rizzoli. ISBN 9788817110389.
^ Secretsdethomery. "le saoussoun (sauce tomate crue)". Thierry et Marie-Françoise (in French). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "SAUCE VIERGE". French Cooking Academy. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "Traditional Mexican cuisine – ancestral, ongoing community culture, the Michoacán paradigm – intangible heritage". www.unesco.org. Culture Sector – UNESCO. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
^ Elizabeth David, Italian Food (1954, 1999), p. 319, and John Dickie, Delizia! The Epic History of the Italians and Their Food, 2008, p. 162.
^ Anderson, B. (2001). The Foods of Italy: The Quality of Life. Naturalmente Italiano. Italian Trade Commission. p. 154. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^ Escoffier, A. (Auguste) (1907). A guide to modern cookery. Cornell University Library. London : W. Heinemann. p. 22.
^ Secretsdethomery. "le saoussoun (sauce tomate crue)". Thierry et Marie-Françoise (in French). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "SAUCE VIERGE". French Cooking Academy. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
^ "Tucker". Australianbeers.com. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Young, Matt (19 December 2017). "What's the difference between tomato sauce and ketchup?". News.com.au. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^ "Experiment, until the sauce suits you". Canberra Times. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
^ "tomato sauce". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins. Retrieved 5 October 2024.
^ "Contadina – Tips & Advice – Contadina FAQs". Contadina.com. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 17 November 2010.
^ Admin (1 April 2024). "Staple Foods: The Basics of Our Daily Diet". RWBJ - Red White Blue Junction - RedWhiteBlueJunction. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
^ "About Sunday Sauce Italian Gravy". 16 October 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Sengupta, Sushmita. "Here's Why Desi Tamatar or Indian Tomatoes Are Better Suited For Curries". Food.NDTV.com. NDTV. Retrieved 5 October 2022.