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This is a list of Swedish scientists.

• Lili Kaelas (1919–2007), Stone and Bronze Age archaeologist

• Albertina Carlsson (1848–1930), zoologist
• Augusta Christie-Linde (1870–1953), zoologist
• Jonas C. Dryander (1748–1810), botanist
• Eva Ekeblad (1724–1786), agronomist
• Erik Leonard Ekman (1883–1931), botanist
• Elias Magnus Fries (1794–1878), botanist
• AnnMari Jansson (1934–2007), systems ecologist
• Pehr Kalm (1716–1779), botanist
• Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), botanist, "father of taxonomy"
• René Malaise (1892–1978), entomologist
• Lisbeth Olsson (1963–), professor in industrial biotechnology
• Johan Rockström (1965–), professor in environmental science and executive director of the Stockholm Resilience Centre
• Olaus Rudbeckius, junior (1660–1740), botanist
• Daniel Solander (1733–1782), botanist
• Peter Gustaf Tengmalm (1754–1803), naturalist

• Johan August Arfwedson (1792–1841), chemist
• Svante Arrhenius (1859–1927), chemist and physicist
• Karin Aurivillius (1920–1982), chemist and crystallographer
• Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848), chemist
• Lars Ernster (1920–1998), biochemistry, member of the Board of the Nobel Foundation
• Christina Lampe-Önnerud (1967–), chemist
• Alfred Nobel (1833–1896), chemist and founder of the Nobel Prizes
• Gösta Pettersson (born 1937), biochemist
• Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), chemist
• Theodor Svedberg (1884–1971), chemist

• Björn Engquist (1945–), numerical analysis
• Johan Håstad (1960–), theoretical computer science
• Laila Ohlgren (1937–2014), telecommunications

• Nils Alwall (1904–86), inventor and engineer
• Arne Asplund (1903–1993), inventor and engineer
• Karl Johan Åström (1934–), engineer, control theorist
• Nils Bohlin (1920–2002), inventor and engineer
• Marianne Kärrholm (1921–2018), chemical engineer and professor
• Ingrid Bruce (1940–2012), engineer and trade unionist
• Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937), inventor and engineer
• Rune Elmqvist (1906–1996), inventor and engineer
• John Ericsson (1803–1889), inventor and engineer
• Lars Magnus Ericsson (1846–1926), inventor and engineer
• Carl Edvard Johansson (1864–1943), inventor and engineer
• Johan Petter Johansson (1864–1943), inventor and engineer
• Håkan Lans (1947–), inventor and engineer
• Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913), inventor and engineer
• Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist (1862–1931), inventor and engineer
• Carl Rickard Nyberg (1858–1939), inventor and engineer
• Gustaf Erik Pasch (1788–1862), inventor and engineer
• Baltzar von Platen (1898–1984), inventor and engineer
• Erik Wallenberg (1915–1999), inventor and engineer
• Waloddi Weibull (1887–1979), material scientist
• Jonas Wenström (1855–1893), inventor and engineer
• Sven Wingquist (1876–1953), inventor and engineer
• Lars Bern (1942–), engineer

• Arne Bjerhammar (1917–2011), geodesy
• Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004), geography
• Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901), geology, Arctic explorer
• Otto Nordenskiöld (6 December 1869 – 1928), geology, explorer

• Albert Victor Bäcklund (1845–1922)
• Arne Beurling (1905–1986), analysis
• Lennart Carleson (1928–), analysis
• Per Enflo (1944–), analysis
• Sture Eskilsson (1930–2016), economist
• Erik Ivar Fredholm (1866–1927), analysis
• Olle Häggström (1967–), mathematical statistics
• Lars Hörmander (1931–2012), analysis
• Helge von Koch (1870–1924), analysis
• Sonja Kovalevskaya (1850–1891), analysis, partial differential equations
• Anders Martin-Löf (1940–), analysis and mathematical physics
• Per Martin-Löf (1942–), logic, statistics, and computer science
• Gösta Mittag-Leffler (1846–1927), analysis

• Arvid Carlsson (1923–2018), neuroscientist
• Ulf von Euler (1905–1983), physiologist and pharmacologist
• Björn Folkow (1921–2012), physiologist
• Allvar Gullstrand (1862–1930), medicine
• Olaus Rudbeckius (1630–1702), medicine
• Ellen Sandelin (1862–1907) practicing physician in Stockholm, who received her medical license in 1897
• Emily Spörck (1825–1904), early woman doctor of medicine, graduated as a physician in Chicago in 1873
• Stina Stenhagen (1916–1973), medical biochemist
• Hugo Theorell (1903–1982), medicine
• Charlotte Yhlen (1839–1920), early woman doctor of medicine, graduated as a physician in Pennsylvania in 1873

• Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995), physicist
• Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874), physicist
• Oskar Backlund (1846–1916), astronomer
• Anders Celsius (1701–1744), astronomer
• Bengt Edlén (1906–1993), physicist
• V. Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954), physical oceanographer
• Oskar Klein (1894–1977), physicist
• Per-Olov Löwdin (1916–2000), physicist
• Knut Lundmark (1889–1958), astronomer
• Lise Meitner (1878–1968), nuclear physicist
• Christopher Polhem (1661–1751), physicist
• Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898–1957), meteorologist
• Janne Rydberg (1854–1919), physicist
• Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978), physicist
• Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007), physicist
• Rolf Maximilian Sievert (1896–1966), medical physicist
• Karin Öberg (1982–), astrochemist

• Pär-Erik Back (1920–1988), social scientist
• Alvar Ellegård (1919–2008), linguistics, confessional beliefs
• Phebe Fjellström (1924–2007), ethnologist
• Orvar Löfgren (1943–), ethnologist
• Margareta Wahlström (1950–), senior UN official

• Harald Cramér (1893–1985), mathematical statistics
• Ulf Grenander (1923–2016), stochastic processes and pattern recognition
• Karl Gustav Jöreskog (1935–), multivariate analysis
• Olav Kallenberg (1939–), probability
• Gunnar Kulldorff (1927–2015), estimation and survey sampling
• Herman Wold (1908–1992), econometrics and time series analysis

• Nobel Prize
• Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences