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Arne Beurling
Arne Beurling
	Arne Beurling in 1940s
Born	3 February 1905; Gothenburg, Sweden
Died	20 November 1986 (aged 81); Princeton, New Jersey, United States
Nationality	Swedish
Alma mater	Uppsala University
Known for	Beurling algebra; Beurling factorization; Beurling–Lax theorem; Beurling–Nyman criterion
	Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	Uppsala University; Institute for Advanced Study
Doctoral advisor	Anders Wiman
Doctoral students	Lennart Carleson; Carl-Gustav Esseen

Arne Carl-August Beurling (3 February 1905 – 20 November 1986) was a Swedish mathematician and professor of mathematics at Uppsala University (1937–1954) and later at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Beurling worked extensively in harmonic analysis, complex analysis and potential theory. The "Beurling factorization" helped mathematical scientists to understand the Wold decomposition, and inspired further work on the invariant subspaces of linear operators and operator algebras, e.g. Håkan Hedenmalm's factorization theorem for Bergman spaces.

He is perhaps most famous for single-handedly decrypting an early version of the German cipher machine Siemens and Halske T52 in a matter of two weeks during 1940, using only pen and paper. This machine's cipher is generally considered to be more complicated than that of the more famous Enigma machine. Beurling's method of decrypting military telegrams between Norway and Germany worked from June 1940 right up until 1943 when the Germans changed equipment.

Early life

Beurling was born on 3 February 1905 in Gothenburg, Sweden and was the son of the landowner Konrad Beurling and baroness Elsa Raab.^[1] After graduating in 1924, he was enrolled at the Uppsala University where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1926 and two years later a Licentiate of Philosophy degree.^[1]

Career

Early career

Beurling was assistant teacher at Uppsala University from 1931 to 1933.^[1] He received his doctorate in mathematics in 1933 for his dissertation Études sur un problème de majoration.^[2] Beurling was a docent of mathematics at Uppsala University from 1933 and then professor of mathematics from 1937 to 1954.^[1]

World War II

In the summer of 1940 he single-handedly deciphered and reverse-engineered an early version of the Siemens and Halske T52 also known as the Geheimfernschreiber ("secret teletypewriter") used by Nazi Germany in World War II for sending ciphered messages.^[3] The T52 was one of the so-called "Fish cyphers", that, using transposition, created nearly one quintillion (893,622,318,929,520,960) different variations. It took Beurling two weeks to solve the problem using pen and paper. Using Beurling's work, a device was created that enabled Sweden to decipher German teleprinter traffic passing through Sweden from Norway on a cable. In this way, Swedish authorities knew about Operation Barbarossa before it occurred.^[4] Since the Swedes would not reveal how this knowledge was attained, the Swedish warning was not treated as credible by Soviets^{[citation needed]}.

This became the foundation for the Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment (FRA). The cypher in the Geheimfernschreiber is generally considered to be more complex than the cypher used in the Enigma machines.^[5]

Later life

He was visiting professor at Harvard University from 1948 to 1949.^[6] From 1954 he was professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, United States, where he took over Albert Einstein's office.^[7]

He was the doctoral advisor of Lennart Carleson and Carl-Gustav Esseen.

Personal life

Arne Beurling was first married (1936–40) to Britta Östberg (born 1907), daughter of Henrik Östberg and Gerda Nilsson. In 1950 he married Karin Lindblad (1920–2006), daughter of ironmonger Henric Lindblad and Wanja Bengtsson.^[1] Karin was a distinguished Ph.D student from Uppsala University. When they lived in Princeton, she worked in a biochemistry lab at Princeton University.^[8] He had two children from his first marriage — Pehr-Henrik (1936–1962) and Jane (1938–1992).^[1]

Beurling's great-grandfather was Pehr Henrik Beurling (1758 or 1763–1806), who founded a high quality clock factory in Stockholm in 1783.

Death

Arne Beurling died in 1986 and was buried at Norra begravningsplatsen in Solna.^[9]

In popular culture

Beurling's prowess as a cryptanalysist is the subject of the 2005 short opera Krypto CEG by Jonas Sjöstrand and Kimmo Eriksson.

Awards and decorations

Knight of the Order of the Polar Star^[1]
Knight of the Order of Vasa^[1]

Honours

Honorary member of the Göteborgs nation at Uppsala University (1937)^[1]
Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (1937)^[1]
Member of the Royal Society of the Humanities at Lund (Kungliga Humanistiska Vetenskapssamfundet i Lund) (1937)^[1]
Member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (1942)^[1]
Member of the Royal Physiographic Society in Lund (1948)^[1]
Member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters (1951)^[1]
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1970)^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Harnesk, Paul, ed. (1964). Vem är vem?. 2, Svealand utom Stor-Stockholm [Who is Who?. 2, Svealand excluding Greater Stockholm] (in Swedish) (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Bokförlaget Vem är vem. p. 82.
^ Beurling, Arne (1933). Études sur un problème de majoration (in French). Uppsala: [s.n.]
^ Beckman, B. (2002). Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish crypto program during World War II. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society.
^ Beckman, Bengt (2002). Codebreakers: Arne Beurling and the Swedish Crypto Program During World War II. American Mathematical Society. p. 11. ISBN 9780821828892. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
^ Rijmenants, Dirk (2008), Focus: Siemens & Halske T-52
^ O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (2008). "Arne Carl-August Beurling". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
^ Bergström, Christer (25 October 2010). "Svensk knäckte nazisternas hemliga koder" [A Swede cracked the Nazis' secret codes]. Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 27 March 2015.
^ "Search Results for Arne Beurling". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland. August 2001. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
^ "Norra begravningsplatsen, kvarter 10A, gravnummer 413" (in Swedish). Hittagraven.se. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.