List of Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin

Serbo-Croatian vernacular has over time borrowed and adopted a lot of words of Turkish origin. The Ottoman conquest of the Balkans began a linguistical contact between Ottoman Turkish and South Slavic languages, a period of influence since at least the late 14th up until the 20th century, when large terriotories of Shtokavian-speaking areas became conquered and made into provinces of the Ottoman Empire, into what was collectively known as Rumelia. As the Ottoman Turkish language itself extensively borrowed from Arabic, Persian and Central Asian Turkic languages other than itself, many words of such origins also entered Serbo-Croatian via Turkish.[1] Numerous migrations in the war-torn Western Balkans helped spread Shtokavian and its enriched vernacular. Some Turkisms in Serbo-Croatian have entered the language through other languages, such as Italian, while some words of Greek origin have been adopted in their Turkish forms.

Over the passage of time, many Turkish loanwords were completely adopted into standardized varieties of Serbo-Croatian and are no longer considered loanwords, if not for lack of true synonyms.[2] Numerous such Turkisms (e.g. bakar, alat, sat, čarape, šećer, or boja) are often preferred to later introduced Germanisms and Latinisms (farba, kolur, tinta, pigment). This is mostly the case with the Croatian variety of Serbo-Croatian, which has historically been more stringent to internationalisms. Out of all four varieties of the language, Bosnian has by far introduced and retained the most of Turkisms, largely due to its cultural Islamic ties. Turkish loanwords underwent pronunciation changes, principally on gender suffixes and adaptations of ö, ü, ı that are non-existent in Serbo-Croatian. Turkisms are also commonly called "Orientalisms".

Characteristics

Turkisms often end in one of the following suffixes: –luk, –ci, –li, which come from the original –lik, –çi, –lı.[3] Other suffixes include –ak, –hana, –ija, –suz and –uk. Persian –dār is also a common suffix. Many Serbo-Croatian words that are not of Turkish, Arabic or Persian origin have adopted these suffixes (e.g. kamiondžija, bezobrazluk, lopovluk), showing that influence of Turkish onto Serbo-Croatian extends past loanwords, into morphology and other linguistic characteristics.[4][5]

Number of Turkish loanwords

Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language by Abdulah Škaljić

There is an uncertainly high number of Turkish loanwords (a lot of which are themselves loanwords from Arabic and Persian) in the modern Serbo-Croatian language,[2] mostly contained within the prestige Shtokavian dialect, and fewer in Kajkavian and Chakavian. The first edition of Srpski rječnik from 1818 listed around 2,500 Turkisms among 26,270 total words (~9,5%), while the second edition from 1852 listed around 3,700 out of 40,000 (~9,25%).[6][7]

Orientalist expert Olga Zirojević deems that a lot more Turkish loanwords have been used in Serbia's distant past - around 8,000 - than in the present,[8] which is estimated to be around 3,000.[9][10] First dictionary of Turkisms in Serbia was written by Djordje Popović-Daničar in 1884, called Turkish and other Eastern words in our language (Turske i druge istočanske reči u našem jeziku). The book contains around 6,000 words. Another academic, Dušan Marjanović, compiled a corpus of 5,000 Turkisms in early 1930s.[11]

A prominent Sharia and jurist writer Abdulah Škaljić [sr] spent several years at the Institute for the study of folklore of University of Sarajevo thoroughly documenting Turkisms in the folk literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He subsequently created the most comprehensive dictionary of Turkisms, first published in 1957 in two volumes, then called Turkisms in the vernacular and folk literature of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Turcizmi u narodnom govoru i narodnoj književnosti Bosne i Hercegovine). Encouraged by great interest among domestic and international scientists and the demand for the dictionary, Škaljić expanded his research to the entirety of Serbo-Croatian-speaking area. In 1965 he published the dictionary named Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language (Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku), which after several additions and revisions ended up having 8,742 words and 6,878 terms.[12]

An academic research in the Croatian dialectological field was done by Silvana Vranić and Sanja Zubčić at the University of Rijeka. They analyzed a corpus of 443 Shtokavian, 122 Chakavian and 95 Kajkavian phrasemes typical of Croatian speech, in which they found 118, 45 and 29 Turkisms respectively. The ratio of phrasemes per Turkisms was found to be 4.1, 2.7 and 3.3 respectively, showing that Shtokavian contains the most Turkisms, although not equally distributed along regions where it is spoken - the most were found in Dalmatian Hinterland at 39%, then Slavonia at 36%, and Lika at 25%.[13]

List of loanwords

Only a number of Turkish loanwords are common to all four standardized varieties of Serbo-Croatian. Many more Turkisms lie in the vernacular speeches, which vary across regions and cultures. A large number of such loanwords are mainly found in the Bosnian standard, and are considered colloquial or non-existent in other varieties. The following is a non-exhaustive list thereof.

Serbo-Croatian[14] Turkish Origin English meaning
alat âlet arab. ʔāla tool
amidža amca uncle (father's side)
aršin arşın arşın (unit of length)
avlija avlu, avlı courtyard
babo baba pers. bābā father, grandfather
badava bedava pers. bādihäwā gratis, free
bajagi, kobajagi bayaǧı as if, apparently, quasi
bakar bakır copper
baksuz bahtsiz jinx
bakšiš bakşiş pers. bahšīš tip, fee
barem, bar bari at least
barjak, bajrak bayrak pers. bajrak banner, flag
baška başka aside
bašta, bašća bahçe, baǧçe pers. bāǧçe garden
bećar, bećarac bekār pers. bīkār bachelor, reveler
bedem beden arab. badan defensive wall
bekrija bekriya pers. bakravi from arab. bikr tippler, drunkard
belaj belȃ arab. balāʔ trouble
bešika beşik bladder
bilmez bilmez dimwit, goof
boja boya color
bre bre more (interjection)
bubreg böbrek kidney
budala budala arab. budalāʔ fool
bumbar bumbar pers. būnbār, būmbār̕ bumblebee
bunar pınar a well
burazer birader pers. birāder brother in law
burma burmak wedding ring
čak çak pers. čak even
čalabrknuti, čalabrcnuti çala fast + bite
čamac çamac small boat
čarapa çorap pers. đūrāb sock
čaršija çarşı bazaar
čekić çekiç hammer
čelik çelik steel
česma çeşme fountain, faucet
čiča, čika, čiko çiçe uncle (both sides)
čičak çiçek burdock
čizma çizme boot
čoban, čobanac çoban pers. šubān shepherd, shepherd's stew
čukun-, šukun- kökün great-great- (kinship)
ćelav kel, ćela bald
ćenifa kenef, kenif arab. kanaf toilet
ćorav kör, körluk pers. kūr blind
ćošak köse pers. kūše corner
ćup kȕp pers. kūp jar
ćuprija köprü greek. géphyra bridge
dadilja dadı pers. dādā nanny, babysitter
darmar tarumar pers. tār-u mār higgledy-piggledy
dernek dırnek fair, festivity
deva deve camel
dućan dükkyan arab. dukkān shop
dugme düǧme pers. tukme button
duhan, duvan duhan arab. duḵān / duḵḵān tobacco
dušek döşek mattress
dušman düşman pers. dušmen enemy
džaba caba free, for nothing
džep cep arab. jayb pocket
džin cin arab. jinn giant
džukela cühela arab. juhalāʔ mutt, big dog
džumbus cümbüs pers. ǧunbiš uproar, disorder
đon gön sole (of a shoe)
đubre gübre garbage
ekser ekser nail
fišek fişek ice cream cone
fitilj fitil arab. fatīl fuse
galama aġlama noisiness
hajde, ajde haydi go ahead, come on
hajduk haydut hajduk
hajvan, ajvan hayvan arab. ḥaywān animal (pejoratively)
halka, alka halka arab. ḥalqa / ḥalqa quoit, alka
hašiš haşiş arab. ḥašīš hashish
inat inat arab. ʕinād spite, defiance
jarak yarak trench
jastuk yastık pillow
jok yok nope, no
jorgan yorgan quilt
jorgovan erguvan pers. ergevwn lilac
juriš yürüyüş rush, onslaught, storm
kajiš, kaiš kayış belt, strap
kaldrma kaldırım greek. kalós drómos cobblestone
kandža kanca claw
kapak kapak eyelid
kapija kapı gateway, gate
karaula karavulhane watchtower
karavan karavan caravan
kat kat storey
kavez kafes arab. qafaṣ cage
kazan kazan, kazǧan pers. hāžgān cauldron, kettle
kesa kese pers. kīse bag, sack
kesten kestane greek. kástana chestnut
kiosk köşk pers. kūšk kiosk
komšija komşu neighbor
kopča kopça buckle
krevet kerevet greek. kreváti bed
kula kule pers. koleh tower
kusur kusur arab. kusūr change (money)
kutija kûtu greek. kouti box
lakrdija lakırdı a variety of farce
lepeza elpeza handheld fan
leš leş pers. läše corpse
lula lüle pers. lūle tobacco pipe
makaze makas arab. maqaṣṣ scissors
majmun maymun arab. maymūn monkey
mamuran mahmur arab. maḵmūr hungover
marama mahrama arab. maḥrama scarf
mušterija müşteri arab. muštari(n) customer
nanule nalin arab. naʕlayn wooden sandals
nišan nişan pers. nišān gunpoint
odžak, odžačar ocak chimney, chimney sweep
oroz, horoz horoz pers. hurūz rooster
ortak ortak partner
pamuk panbuk pers. pambeh cotton
pandža pençe pers. penǧe claw
papuča pabuç pers. pāpūš slipper
pare para pers. pāre money
pazar pazar pers. bāzār bazaar, piazza, marketplace
pendžer pencere pers. penǧere window
peškir peşkir pers. pīšgīr towel
raja rȃya, reaya arab. raʕiyya rayah, commoners, crowd
raskalašan kalleş arab. qälläš < pers. qalāš profligate
sačmarica, sačma saçma shotgun, shot pellets
saksija saksı flowerpot
sanduk sandık arab. sandūq / sundūq chest, crate, box
sapun sabun lat. sapo soap
sat sâat pers. sât clock
sevdalinka sevdalı sevdalinka
sokak sokak arab. zuqāq alley
sunđer sünger sponge
surla zurla, zurna pers. sūrnā trunk (of an elephant)
šamar şamar slap, smack
šah şah pers. šah chess
šator, čador çadır pers. čader, čatr tent
šuga şuga pers. šūg scabies
taban taban sole (of a foot)
taman tamam arab. tamām just right
tambura, tamburica tambur tamboura, tamburica
tava tava pers. tābe pan
tavan tavan attic
testera testere pers. destere saw
top top cannon
trampa trampa ital. tramuta barter, exchange
tulipan tülbent, turban pers. dülbend tulip
tulum tulum party (having fun)
turpija törpü file (tool)
zanat sanat arab. ṣanʕa trade, occupation, profession
zumbul sümbül pers. sunbul hyacinth

Food and cuisine loanwords

Serbo-Croatian Turkish Origin English meaning
ajran ayran ayran
ajvar havyar ajvar
avan/havan s tučkom pers. hāwen mortar and pestle
badem badem almond
baklava baklava baklava
batak bacak drumstick (poultry)
biber biber pers. bābāri < greek. péperi black pepper
boranija, buranija borani pers. borâni green bean stew
bostan bostan pers. būstān watermelon, melon
boza boza pers. būza boza
burek börek börek
čaj çay mong. čai < chin. chá tea
čorba çorba, şorba pers. šūrbā, šūrbaǧ chorba
ćevapi kebap arab. kabāb ćevapi
ćufte köfte pers. kūfte meatballs
dolma dolma dolma
đulabija gülabi pers. gulābī rose apple
đuveč güveç güveç
džezva cezva arab. jaḏwa / jiḏwa cezve
džigerica ciǧer pers. ǧiger liver (food)
fildžan, fildižan, findžan fincan arab. finjān < pers. pingān orientally decorated cup
halva, alva helva arab. ḥalwā halva
ibrik ibrik arab. ʔibrīq < pers. ābrīz ibrik
jogurt yoǧurt yogurt
kafa, kava, kahva kahve arab. qahwah coffee
kajgana kaygana scrambled eggs
kajmak kaymak kaymak
kajsija kaysı apricot
kašika kaşık spoon
kefir kefír kefir
limun limon arab. laymūn < pers. līmūn lemon
meza, meze meze pers. mazzeh meze
naranča naranç, narenc pers. nārenǧ, nāreng orange
nana, nena (metvica) nane arab. naʕnaʕ / naʕnāʕ spearmint
pastrma, pastirma pastırma pastirma
patlidžan patlıcan pers. bādinǧān, bâdendžân eggplant
pekmez pekmez jam
pilav pilav pers. pilāw pilaf
pita pita greek. pita pie
ratluk rahat lokum arab. rāḥa(t) al-ḥulqūm turkish delight
rakija rakı, arak arab.ʕaraq rakia
sarma sarma sarma (food)
šafran şafran arab. zaʕfarān saffron
šećer şeker pers. šekar sugar
šerbet şerbet arab. šarba sharbat
sirće sirke pers. sirkē vinegar
sudžuk suçuk sujuk
sutlijaš sütlü, sütlaç, sütlü pilav rice pudding
tepsija tepsi casserole
tulumba tulumba tulumba

See also

References

For a list of words relating to this article, see the Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Ottoman Turkish category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
For a list of words relating to this article, see the Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Turkish category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
  1. ^ Brozović, Dalibor (19 October 2000). "Odoše Turci, ostaše turcizmi" [The Turks left, Turkisms remained]. Vijenac (in Serbo-Croatian). No. 173. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b Nomachi, Motoki (2015). ""East" and "West" as Seen in the Structure of Serbian: Language Contact and Its Consequences" (PDF). Slavic Eurasian Studies. 28.
  3. ^ Škaljić, Abdulah (1966). Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku [Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Sarajevo: Svjetlost. p. 24. ISBN 978-8651510475.
  4. ^ Despotović, Ivana (18 July 2012). "Turcizmi u jezicima balkanskih naroda" [Turkisms in languages of Balkan nations] (in Serbo-Croatian). Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  5. ^ Vajzović, Hanka (1999). Orijentalizmi u književnom djelu [Orientalisms in literary works] (in Serbo-Croatian). University of Michigan: Language Institute. ISBN 9789958620010.
  6. ^ Amarilis, Dragana (2020). "Turske reči, turcizmi u srpskom jeziku" [Turkish words, Turkisms in the Serbian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  7. ^ Peco, Asim (1986). Germanizmi u Vukovu srpskom rječniku iz 1852 [Germanisms in Vuk's Serbian Dictionary from 1852] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian) (14 ed.). Zagreb: Filologija.
  8. ^ Talović, Violeta (13 August 2011). "U srpskom jeziku više od 8.000 turcizama" [More than 8,000 Turkisms in the Serbian language] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novosti.rs. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Srbija i Turska: Šta je sve opstalo posle nekoliko vekova turske vladavine" [Serbia and Turkey: What remained after several centuries of Turkish reign] (in Serbo-Croatian). BBC News in Serbian. 7 October 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  10. ^ Đinđić, Marija (2013). "Turcizmi u savremenom srpskom književnom jeziku: Semantičko-derivaciona analiza, doktorska disertacija" [Turkisms in the contemporary Serbian literary language: Semantic-derivative analysis, doctoral thesis]. University of Belgrade Faculty of Philology. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  11. ^ Zukorlić, Mensur (9 April 2020). "Turcizmi u govoru bosanskog, srpskog, albanskog, crnogorskog, makedonskog i hrvatskog jezika" [Turkisms in the speech of Bosnian, Serbian, Albanian, Montenegrin, Macedonian and Croatian languages] (in Serbo-Croatian). Archived from the original on 25 July 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Predgovor Abdulaha Škaljića u riječniku Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku" [Foreword by Abdulah Škaljić in the dictionary Turkisms in the Serbo-Croatian language] (PDF) (in Serbo-Croatian). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  13. ^ Vranić, Silvana; Zubčić, Sanja (2013). "Turcizmi u frazemima hrvatskih govora" [Turkisms in phrasemes in speeches of Croatia] (in Serbo-Croatian). Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Rijeka. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  14. ^ Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Croatian). Znanje [hr], Srce. Retrieved 6 September 2024.

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Questa voce sull'argomento forze armate è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Royal MarinesDistintivo dei Royal Marines Descrizione generaleAttiva1664 - oggi Nazione Regno Unito ServizioForze armate britanniche Tipotruppe anfibie Dimensionecirca 7.500 marines Guarnigione/QGPlymouth SoprannomeThe Royals, HM Jollies, Bootnecks MottoPer Mare, Per Terram (Per Mare e Per Terra) MarciaA Life o...

 

 

John Wayne Airport

International airport serving Orange County and Santa Ana, California, United States For other uses, see Orange County Airport (disambiguation) and JWA (disambiguation). John Wayne AirportIATA: SNAICAO: KSNAFAA LID: SNASummaryAirport typePublicOwner/OperatorOrange CountyServesOrange County / Santa AnaLocation18601 Airport WaySanta Ana, California, U.S.Elevation AMSL56 ft / 17 mCoordinates33°40′32″N 117°52′06″W / 33.67556°N 117.86833°W / 33.67...

Rosarita Tawil

Rosarita TawilLahirRosarita Tawil1988 (umur 35–36)Beirut, LebanonTinggi178 m (584 ft 0 in)GelarMiss Lebanon 2008 Rosarita Tawil (bahasa Arab: روزاريتا طويل) adalah seorang peragawati, perancang mode dan pemegang gelar kontes kecantikan Lebanon yang dimahkotai menjadi Miss Lebanon 2008. Ia mewakili Lebanon di Miss World 2008 namun tidak mendapatkan peringkat. Pendidikan Tawil belajar Administrasi Bisnis di Universitas Amerika Beirut. Miss World 2008 M...

 

 

Rote Fabrik

Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Siehe auch: Rote Fabrik (Fuhr). Das 1896 gebaute Bürogebäude der Roten Fabrik Die Rote Fabrik ist ein ehemaliges Fabrikareal in Zürich-Wollishofen, das heute als Kulturzentrum genutzt wird. Sie wird so genannt, weil die Gebäude aus roten Backsteinen bestehen; mitunter aber auch, weil Linksparteien sich für ihre Umnutzung einsetzten. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Geschichte 1.1 Gewerbliche Nutzung 1.2 Volksinitiative und «IG Rote Fabrik» 1.3 Kulturzentr...