Leukocidin

A leukocidin is a type of cytotoxin created by some types of bacteria (Staphylococcus). It is a type of pore-forming toxin. The model for pore formation is step-wise. First, the cytotoxin's "S" subunit recognizes specific protein-containing receptors, or an integrin on the host cell's surface. The S subunit then recruits a second, "F" subunit, and the two subunits dimerize on the surface of the host's cell. After dimerization, oligomerization occurs. Finally, the oligomers, consisting of alternating S and F subunits, undergo a significant structural change and form a beta-barrel, that pierces through the host cell’s lipid bilayer.^[1]

Leukocidins get their names by killing ("-cide") leukocytes. Leukocidins target phagocytes,^[1] natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes^[2] and therefore targets both, innate and adaptive immune responses. Leukocidins fall into the category of bacterial invasin. Invasins are enzymatic secretions that help bacteria invade the host tissue to which they are attached. Although similar to exotoxins, invasins are different in two respects: they work through much less specific mechanisms than exotoxins, and their actions are generally more localized.

One type is Panton-Valentine leukocidin.

References

^ ^a ^b Alonzo, Francis; Torres, Victor J. (2014-05-20). "The Bicomponent Pore-Forming Leucocidins of Staphylococcus aureus". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 78 (2): 199–230. doi:10.1128/mmbr.00055-13. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 4054254. PMID 24847020.
^ Alonzo III, Francis; Kozhaya, Lina; Rawlings, Stephen A.; Reyes-Robles, Tamara; DuMont, Ashley L.; Myszka, David G.; Landau, Nathaniel R.; Unutmaz, Derya; Torres, Victor J. (2012-12-12). "CCR5 is a receptor for Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED". Nature. 493 (7430): 51–55. doi:10.1038/nature11724. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3536884. PMID 23235831.

External links

Leukocidins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Toxins

Clostridium:	tetani Tetanospasmin Tetanolysin perfringens Alpha toxin Enterotoxin difficile A B botulinum Botox
Other:	Anthrax toxin Listeriolysin O

Cocci

Streptolysin Leukocidin Panton–Valentine leukocidin
Staphylococcus	Staphylococcus aureus alpha/beta/delta Exfoliatin Toxic shock syndrome toxin Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)

Lipopolysaccharide
- Lipid A
Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxin
- Cry1Ac
- Cry3Bb1
Other B. thuringiensis toxins
- Cry6Aa
- Cry34Ab1

Virulence
factor

Mycotoxins

Aflatoxin
Amatoxin (alpha-amanitin, beta-amanitin, gamma-amanitin, epsilon-amanitin)
beta-Nitropropionic acid
Citrinin
Cytochalasin
Ergotamine
Fumonisin (Fumonisin B1, Fumonisin B2, Fumonisin B3, Fumonisin B4)
Gliotoxin
Ibotenic acid
Lolitrem B
Muscimol
Orellanine
Ochratoxin
Patulin
Phalloidin
Sterigmatocystin
Trichothecene
Vomitoxin
Zeranol
Zearalenone

Plant toxins

Invertebrate
toxins

Scorpion:	Androctonus australis hector insect toxin Charybdotoxin Maurotoxin Agitoxin Margatoxin Slotoxin Scyllatoxin Hefutoxin HgeTx1 HsTx1 Kaliotoxin Lq2 Birtoxin Bestoxin BmKAEP Phaiodotoxin Imperatoxin Pi3
Spider:	Latrotoxin Alpha-latrotoxin CSTX Cupiennins PhTx3 Stromatoxin Vanillotoxin Huwentoxin
Mollusca:	Conotoxin Eledoisin Onchidal Saxitoxin Tetrodotoxin

Vertebrate
toxins

Fish:	Ciguatoxin Tetrodotoxin
Amphibian:	(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A Batrachotoxin Bufotoxins Arenobufagin Bufotalin Bufotenin Cinobufagin Marinobufagin Epibatidine Histrionicotoxin Pumiliotoxin 251D Samandarin Samandaridine Tarichatoxin Zetekitoxin AB
Reptile/ Snake venom:	Bungarotoxin Alpha-Bungarotoxin Beta-Bungarotoxin Calciseptine Taicatoxin Calcicludine Cardiotoxin III

note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species

Category

v t e Protein: cell membrane proteins (other than Cell surface receptor, enzymes, and cytoskeleton)
Arrestin	SAG ARRB1 ARRB2 ARR3
Membrane-spanning 4A	MS4A1 MS4A2 MS4A3 MS4A4A MS4A4E MS4A5 MS4A6A MS4A6E MS4A7 MS4A8B MS4A9 MS4A10 MS4A12 MS4A13 MS4A14 MS4A15 MS4A18
Myelin	Myelin basic protein PMP2 Myelin proteolipid protein PLP1 Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein Myelin-associated glycoprotein Myelin protein zero
Pulmonary surfactant	Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C
Tetraspanin	TSPAN1 TSPAN2 TSPAN3 TSPAN4 TSPAN5 TSPAN6 TSPAN7 TSPAN8 TSPAN9 TSPAN10 TSPAN11 TSPAN12 TSPAN13 TSPAN14 TSPAN15 TSPAN16 TSPAN17 TSPAN18 TSPAN19 TSPAN20 TSPAN21 TSPAN22 TSPAN23 TSPAN24 TSPAN25 TSPAN26 TSPAN27 TSPAN28 TSPAN29 TSPAN30 TSPAN31 TSPAN32 TSPAN33 TSPAN34
Other/ungrouped	Calnexin LDL-receptor-related protein-associated protein Neurofibromin 2 Presenilin PSEN1 PSEN2 HFE Phospholipid transfer proteins Dysferlin STRC OTOF
see also other cell membrane protein disorders

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