Kirkpatrick Doctrine

The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was the doctrine expounded by United States Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane Kirkpatrick in the early 1980s based on her 1979 essay, "Dictatorships and Double Standards".[1] The doctrine was used to justify the U.S. foreign policy of supporting Third World anti-communist dictatorships during the Cold War.[2]

Doctrine

Kirkpatrick claimed that states in the Soviet bloc and other Communist states were totalitarian regimes, while pro-Western dictatorships were merely "authoritarian" ones. According to Kirkpatrick, totalitarian regimes were more stable and self-perpetuating than authoritarian regimes, and thus had a greater propensity to influence neighboring states.

The Kirkpatrick Doctrine was particularly influential during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. The Reagan administration gave varying degrees of support to several militaristic anti-Communist dictatorships, including those in Guatemala (to 1985), the Philippines (to 1986), and Argentina (to 1983), and armed the mujahideen in the Soviet–Afghan War, UNITA during the Angolan Civil War, and the Contras during the Nicaraguan Revolution as a means of toppling governments, or crushing revolutionary movements, in those countries that did not support the aims of the US.[3]

According to Kirkpatrick, authoritarian regimes merely try to control and/or punish their subjects' behaviors, while totalitarian regimes moved beyond that into attempting to control the thoughts of their subjects, using not only propaganda, but brainwashing, re-education, widespread domestic espionage, and mass political repression based on state ideology. Totalitarian regimes also often attempt to undermine or destroy community institutions deemed ideologically tainted (e.g., religious ones, or even the nuclear family), while authoritarian regimes by and large leave these alone. For this reason, she argues that the process of restoring democracy is easier in formerly authoritarian than in formerly totalitarian states, and that authoritarian states are more amenable to gradual reform in a democratic direction than are totalitarian states.[citation needed]

Criticism

Kirkpatrick's tenet that totalitarian regimes are more stable than authoritarian regimes has come under criticism since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, particularly as Kirkpatrick predicted that the Soviet system would persist for decades.

Ted Galen Carpenter of the Cato Institute has also disputed the doctrine, noting that while Communist movements tend to depose rival authoritarians, the traditional authoritarian regimes supported by the US came to power by overthrowing democracies. He thus concludes that while Communist regimes are more difficult to eradicate, traditional autocratic regimes "pose the more lethal threat to functioning democracies."[4][undue weight? – discuss]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jeane Kirkpatrick, "Dictatorships and Double Standards Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine," Commentary Magazine Volume 68, No. 5, November 1979, pp. 34–45.
  2. ^ "Middle Israel: The new world order". The Jerusalem Post. 2006-12-14. Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
  3. ^ Chomsky, Noam (1985). Turning the Tide. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-266-0.
  4. ^ "The United States and Third World Dictatorships: A Case for Benign Detachment" Ted Galen Carpenter. Cato Policy Analysis No. 58, August 15, 1985

Read other articles:

Darling in the Franxx

artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Masalah khususnya adalah: Memerlukan wikifikasi dan perapian templat. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Darling in the FranXXGambar visual kunci animeダーリン・イン・ザ・フランキス(Dārin In Za Fura...

 

Kapelan

Rev. Manasseh Cutler, kapelan Perang Revolusi Amerika Serikat yang bertugas dalam Angkatan Bersenjata Kontinental George Washington. Bagian dari seri tentangHierarki Gereja KatolikSanto Petrus Gelar Gerejawi (Jenjang Kehormatan) Paus Kardinal Kardinal Kerabat Kardinal pelindung Kardinal mahkota Kardinal vikaris Moderator kuria Kapelan Sri Paus Utusan Sri Paus Kepala Rumah Tangga Kepausan Nunsio Apostolik Delegatus Apostolik Sindik Apostolik Visitor apostolik Vikaris Apostolik Eksarkus Apostol...

 

Arboretum Nyaru Menteng

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada April 2016. Arboretum Nyaru Menteng adalah sebuah kawasan hutan yang di dalamnya terdapat banyak species flora dan fauna, yang menjadi objek wisata menarik di kota tersebut. Di lokasi ini banyak terdapat koleksi kehutanan dengan berbagai jenis seperti tanaman gerong...

RL10

Liquid fuel cryogenic rocket engine, typically used on rocket upper stages This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Info on improvement projects is dated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020) RL10An RL10A-4 engine in London's Science MuseumCountry of originUnited States of AmericaFirst flight1962 (RL10A-1)ManufacturerAerojet RocketdyneApplicationUpper stage engineAssociated LVAtlasSaturn ITitan IIIETitan IVDelta III...

 

Thundridge

Human settlement in EnglandThundridgeThundridge Village StoresThundridgeLocation within HertfordshirePopulation1,406 (2011 Census including Wadesmill)[1]DistrictEast HertfordshireShire countyHertfordshireRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWAREPostcode districtSG12Dialling code01920PoliceHertfordshireFireHertfordshireAmbulanceEast of England UK ParliamentNorth East Hertfordshire List of places UK England Hertfordshire 51°50′1...

 

Ирак

Не следует путать с Ираном — другим государством на Ближнем Востоке.Республика Иракараб. جُمْهُورِيَّة العِرَاق‎ курд. کۆماری عێراق Флаг Герб Девиз: «الله أكبر»«Аллах велик» Гимн: «Моя Родина» Даты независимости 3 октября 1932 года (от Великобритании) Официальн...

Adam Baldwin

Adam Baldwin Adam Baldwin (Chicago, 27 febbraio 1962) è un attore statunitense, noto per i ruoli di Animal in Full Metal Jacket, di Jayne Cobb in Firefly, di John Casey nella serie televisiva Chuck e di Mike Slattery nella serie The Last Ship. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Vita privata 3 Filmografia 3.1 Cinema 3.2 Televisione 4 Videogiochi 5 Doppiatori italiani 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Nato a Chicago da una famiglia di origini irlandesi, dopo gli studi alla New Trier High Sch...

 

PZL-104 Wilga

Utility aircraft family by PZL Warszawa-Okęcie built 1962-2006 PZL-104 Wilga PZL-104 Wilga 35 Role Utility aircraftType of aircraft National origin Poland Manufacturer PZL Warszawa-Okęcie First flight 24 April 1962 Status Production Ended Primary user Polish military and civilian aviation Produced 1962-2006 Number built 1,000+ PZL-104 Wilga (golden oriole) is a Polish short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) civil aviation utility aircraft designed and originally manufactured by PZL Warszawa-O...

 

约翰斯顿环礁

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌：《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

Salvelinus inframundus

Species of fish Salvelinus inframundus Conservation status Data Deficient  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Salmoniformes Family: Salmonidae Genus: Salvelinus Species: S. inframundus Binomial name Salvelinus inframundusRegan, 1909 Salvelinus inframundus, also known as Orkney charr is a cold-water fish in the family Salmonidae which is endemic to Scotland. Description Salvelinus inframund...

 

Philip Bazaar

US Navy seaman who received the Medal of Honor during the American Civil War Philip BazaarBornChileAllegiance United States of AmericaUnionService/branch United States NavyRankOrdinary SeamanUnitUSS Santiago de CubaBattles/warsAmerican Civil War*Battle of Fort FisherAwards Medal of Honor Navy Civil War Campaign Medal Seaman Philip Bazaar, born in Chile, South America, was a United States Navy seaman who was awarded the Medal of Honor, the highest military decoration of the Unit...

Edison, New Jersey

Township in Middlesex County, New Jersey, US Township in New JerseyEdison, New JerseyTownshipEdison TowerEdison stationJFK Medical CenterLittle IndiaMenlo Park MallRoosevelt HospitalHomestead Farm at Oak RidgeBenjamin Shotwell HouseSt. Thomas Aquinas High School FlagSealNickname: Birthplace of the Modern WorldMotto(s): Let There Be LightBirthplace of Recorded Sound[1]Location of Edison in Middlesex County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in ...

 

Cage

Enclosure used to confine, contain or protect something or someone For other uses, see Cage (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2017) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pa...

 

1909 Major League Baseball season

This article is about the 1909 Major League Baseball season only. For information on all of baseball, see 1909 in baseball. Sports season1909 MLB seasonLeagueAmerican League (AL)National League (NL)SportBaseballDurationRegular season:April 12 – October 3, 1909 (AL)April 12 – October 7, 1909 (NL)World Series:October 8 – October 16, 1909Number of games154Number of teams16 (8 per league)Pennant WinnersNL championsPittsburgh Pirates  NL runners-upChicago CubsAL championsDetroit T...

西奥多罗斯

西奥多罗斯知名于几何学无理数科学生涯研究领域數學、哲學受影响自普罗泰戈拉 西奥多罗斯（英語：Theodorus of Cyrene），活动于公元前5世纪前后。[1]古希臘数学家，生于北非的昔兰尼，卒于同地。起初为哲学家普罗泰戈拉的门生，后转而研究数学（尤其是几何学）。柏拉图和塞阿埃特图斯均师从于他。他进一步发展了其在无理数方面的研究。 参考 ^ Lesley Adkins,Roy A.Adk...

 

Costa Rica ai Giochi della XXXI Olimpiade

Costa Rica ai Giochi della XXXI OlimpiadeRio de Janeiro 2016 Codice CIOCRC Comitato nazionaleComitato Olimpico della Costa Rica Atleti partecipanti11 in 6 discipline Di cui uomini/donne6 - 5 PortabandieraNery Brenes Medagliere Posizione - 0 0 0 0 Cronologia olimpica (sommario)Giochi olimpici estivi 1936 · 1948 · 1952 · 1956 · 1960 · 1964 · 1968 · 1972 · 1976 · 1980 · 1984 · 1988 · 1992 · 1996 ...

 

Rénovation énergétique

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et nécessite une internationalisation (août 2019). Merci de l'améliorer ou d'en discuter sur sa page de discussion ! Vous pouvez préciser les sections à internationaliser en utilisant {{section à internationaliser}}. La rénovation énergétique désigne l'ensemble des travaux du bâtiment visant à diminuer la consommation énergéti...

Frogman

Tactical scuba diver This article is about a type of combat diver. For other uses, see Frogman (disambiguation). A SEAL Delivery Team member climbs aboard a delivery vehicle before launching from the back of the submarine USS Philadelphia. Part of a series onWar(outline) History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern pike and shot napoleonic Late modern industrial fourth-gen Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Spa...

 

François Coty

French perfumer and businessman (1874–1934) François CotyFrançois Coty 1910Senator of CorsicaIn office1923–1924Mayor of AjaccioIn officeMay 1931 – August 1934Preceded byDominique PaoliSucceeded byHyacinthe Campiglia Personal detailsBornJoseph Marie François Spoturno(1874-05-03)3 May 1874Ajaccio, Corsica, FranceDied25 July 1934(1934-07-25) (aged 60)Louveciennes, Yvelines, FrancePolitical partyBonapartist Central CommitteeFrench Solidarity (1933–1934)OccupationPerfumerE...