The Heritage Foundation has had significant influence in U.S. public policy making, and has historically been ranked among the most influential public policy organizations in the United States.[5] In 2010, it founded a sister organization, Heritage Action, an influential activist force in conservative and Republican politics.[6][7][8][9]
Heritage leads the 2025 Presidential Transition Project, also known as Project 2025, an extensive plan to consolidate presidential control over the executive branch of government to accomplish its policy goals.[10]The New York Times reported The Heritage Foundation spread some false information about the 2024 election.[10]
The Heritage Foundation was founded on February 16, 1973, during the Nixon administration by Paul Weyrich, Edwin Feulner, and Joseph Coors.[11][12][13] Growing out of the new business activist movement inspired by the Powell Memorandum,[14][15] discontent with Richard Nixon's embrace of the liberal consensus, and the nonpolemical, cautious nature of existing think tanks,[16] Weyrich and Feulner sought to create a conservative version of the Brookings Institution that advanced conservative policies.[11] In its early years, Coors was the Heritage Foundation's primary funding source.[13] Weyrich was the foundation's first president. Later, under Weyrich's successor, Frank J. Walton, the Heritage Foundation began using direct mail fundraising, which contributed to the growth of its annual income, which reached $1 million a year in 1976.[13] By 1981, the annual budget grew to $5.3 million.[11]
The Heritage Foundation advocated for pro-business policies and anti-communism in its early years, but distinguished itself from the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) by also advocating for cultural issues that were important to Christian conservatives"[11] But throughout the 1970s, the Heritage Foundation remained small relative to Brookings and AEI.[11]
Reagan administration
In January 1981, the Heritage Foundation published Mandate for Leadership, a comprehensive report aimed at reducing the size of the federal government. It provided public policy guidance to the incoming Reagan administration, and included over 2,000 specific policy recommendations on how the Reagan administration could utilize the federal government to advance conservative policies. The report was well received by the White House, and several of its authors went on to take positions in the Reagan administration.[17]Ronald Reagan liked the ideas so much that he gave a copy to each member of his cabinet to review.[18] Among the 2,000 Heritage proposals, approximately 60% of them were implemented or initiated by the end of Reagan's first year in office.[17][19] Reagan later called the Heritage Foundation a "vital force" during his presidency.[18]
The Heritage Foundation was influential in developing and advancing the Reagan Doctrine, a key Reagan administration foreign policy initiative under which the U.S. began providing military and other support to anti-communist resistance movements fighting Soviet-aligned governments in Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, and other nations during the final years of the Cold War.[20]
When Reagan met with Mikhail Gorbachev in Moscow in the 1980s, The Wall Street Journal later reported, "the Soviet leader offered a complaint: Reagan was influenced by the Heritage Foundation, Washington’s conservative think tank. The outfit lent intellectual energy to the Gipper’s agenda, including the Reagan Doctrine—the idea that America should support insurgents resisting communist domination."[21]
The Heritage Foundation also supported the development of a new ballistic missile defense system for the United States. In 1983, Reagan made the development of this new defense system, known as the Strategic Defense Initiative, his top defense priority.[17]
By mid-decade, the Heritage Foundation had begun emerging as a key organization in the national conservative movement, publishing influential reports on a broad range of policy issues by prominent conservative thought leaders.[22] In 1986, in recognition of the Heritage Foundation's fast-growing influence, Time magazine labeled the Heritage Foundation "the foremost of the new breed of advocacy tanks".[23] During the Reagan and subsequent George H. W. Bush administrations, the Heritage Foundation served as the brain trust on foreign policy to both administrations.[24]
George H. W. Bush administration
The Heritage Foundation remained an influential voice on domestic and foreign policy issues during President George H. W. Bush's administration. In 1990 and 1991, the foundation was a leading proponent of Operation Desert Storm designed to liberate Kuwait following Saddam Hussein's invasion and occupation of Kuwait in August 1990. According to Baltimore Sun Washington bureau chief Frank Starr, the Heritage Foundation's studies "laid much of the groundwork for Bush administration thinking" about post-Soviet foreign policy.[25] In domestic policy, the Bush administration agreed with six of the ten budget reform proposals the Heritage Foundation proposed in its Mandate for Leadership III book, which the administration included in its 1990 budget proposal.[citation needed]
Clinton administration
The Heritage Foundation continued to grow throughout the 1990s. The foundation's flagship journal, Policy Review, reached a circulation of 23,000. In 1993, Heritage was an opponent of the Clinton health care plan, which died in the U.S. Senate the following year, in August 1994.
The Heritage Foundation also became engaged in the culture wars, publishing The Index of Leading Cultural Indicators by William Bennett in 1994. The Index documented how crime, illegitimacy, divorce, teenage suicide, drug use, and fourteen other social indicators had worsened measurably since the 1960s.[27]
In 1995, the Heritage Foundation published its first Index of Economic Freedom, an annual publication that assesses the state of economic freedom in every country in the world; two years later, in 1997, The Wall Street Journal joined the project as a co-manager and co-author of the annual publication.[citation needed]
The Washington Post wrote in 2005 that the Heritage Foundation softened its criticism of the Malaysian government after Heritage Foundation president Edwin Feulner initiated a business relationship with Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad. "Heritage's new, pro-Malaysian outlook emerged at the same time a Hong Kong consulting firm co-founded by Edwin J. Feulner, Heritage's president, began representing Malaysian business interests" through his relationship with Belle Haven Consultants.[31][32] The Heritage Foundation denied a conflict of interest, saying that its views on Malaysia changed following the country's cooperation with the U.S. after the September 11 attacks,[33] and the Malaysian government "moving in the right economic and political direction."[34][35]
In March 2010, the Obama administration introduced a health insurance mandate in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. This was an idea the Heritage Foundation initially developed and supported in "Assuring Affordable Health Care for All Americans", a study the foundation released on October 1, 1989.[36] The mandate proposed in the Heritage Foundation study previously had been incorporated into Massachusetts governorMitt Romney's health care plan for Massachusetts in 2006, commonly referred to as Romneycare.[37] The Heritage Foundation opposed the Affordable Care Act.[6]
In December 2012, Jim DeMint, then a U.S. Senator representing South Carolina, announced that he intended to resign from the Senate to head the Heritage Foundation.[44] As Heritage Foundation president, DeMint was paid $1 million annually, making him the highest paid think tank president in Washington, D.C. at the time.[45][46]
Some pundits predicted that DeMint would bring a sharper, more politicized edge to the Heritage Foundation.[47] DeMint led changes to the historical process that the foundation had utilized for publishing policy papers under which policy experts authored policy papers that were then reviewed by senior departmental staff.[48] Under DeMint, however, his team heavily edited policy papers and sometimes shelved them entirely.[48] In response to DeMint's new practice, several scholars at the foundation quit.[48]
In May 2013, Jason Richwine, who co-authored a controversial Heritage Foundation report on the costs of amnesty for migrants, resigned his position following intensive media scrutiny to his Harvard UniversityPh.D. thesis, authored four years earlier, in 2009, and comments he made at an American Enterprise Institute forum in 2008. Richwine argued that Hispanics and Blacks are intellectually inferior to Whites and have trouble assimilating because of a supposed genetic predisposition to lower IQ.[49][50]
The same year, in 2013, a Heritage Foundation study co-authored by senior fellow Richwine and Robert Rector was widely criticized across the political spectrum for methodology the two used in criticizing immigration reform legislation.[51]Reason magazine and the Cato Institute criticized the report for failing to employ dynamic scoring, which Heritage previously incorporated in analyzing other policy proposals.[52] The study was also criticized because of Richwine's 2009 doctoral dissertation that concluded that immigrants' IQs should be considered when crafting public policy.[53]
In July 2013, following disputes with the Heritage Foundation over the farm bill, the Republican Study Committee, which then included 172 conservative U.S. House members, reversed a decades-old tradition and barred Heritage employees from attending its weekly meeting in the U.S. Capitol, though it continued cooperating with the foundation through "regular joint events and briefings".[54]
2015 cyberattack
In September 2015, the Heritage Foundation announced that it had been targeted by hackers, which resulted in donors' information being taken. The Hill, a Washington, D.C.-based newspaper covering politics, compared the hacking to the cyberattack against the United States Office of Personnel Management a few months earlier by China's Jiangsu State Security Department, a subsidiary the Ministry of State Security spy agency, that accessed security clearance information on millions of federal government employees. The Heritage Foundation released no further information about the September 2015 hacking.[55][56]
The following month, in August, a Heritage Foundation economic writer, Stephen Moore, criticized Trump's policy positions, saying, "the problem for Trump is that he’s full of all of these contradictions. He’s kind of a tabula rasa on policy."[58] In December 2015, then Heritage Foundation executive vice president Kim Holmes, opposing Trump's candidacy, criticized Trump as "not a conservative." Holmes also criticized Trump supporters, writing that, "they are behaving more like an alienated class of Marxist imagination than as social agents of stability and tradition. They are indeed thinking like revolutionaries, only now their ire is aimed at their progressive masters and the institutions they control," he wrote.[59] Then Heritage president Jim DeMint "praised both Rubio and Cruz, but said that he couldn’t 'make a recommendation coming from Heritage'."[60]
After Trump secured the Republican nomination and as the 2016 general election approached, the Heritage Foundation began emailing potential political appointees in the event Trump won the general election. "I need to assess your interest in serving as a presidential appointee in an administration that will promote conservative principles," the email said. It asked that questionnaires and a resume or bio be returned to them by October 26, roughly a week prior to the general election.[61]
Trump administration
Following Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, the Heritage Foundation obtained influence in his presidential transition and administration.[62][48][63] The foundation had a say in the staffing of the administration; CNN reported during the transition that "no other Washington institution has that kind of footprint in the transition."[62] One reason for the Heritage Foundation's disproportionate influence relative to other conservative think tanks, CNN reported, was that other conservative think tanks had "Never Trump" staff during the 2016 presidential election, while the Heritage Foundation ultimately signaled that it would be supportive of him.[62][48]
Drawing from a database that the Heritage Foundation began building in 2014 of approximately 3,000 conservatives who they trusted to serve in a hypothetical Republican administration, at least 66 foundation employees and alumni were hired into the Trump administration.[48] According to Heritage employees involved in developing the database, several hundred people from the Heritage database ultimately received jobs in government agencies, including Betsy DeVos, Mick Mulvaney, Rick Perry, Scott Pruitt, Jeff Sessions, and others who became members of Trump's cabinet.[48]Jim DeMint, president of the Heritage Foundation from 2013 to 2017, personally intervened on behalf of Mulvaney, who was appointed to head the Office of Management and Budget and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, and later served as Trump's acting White House Chief of Staff.[48]
In May 2017, the foundation's board of trustees voted unanimously to terminate DeMint as its president. In a public statement, the board said that a thorough investigation of the foundation's operations under DeMint found "significant and worsening management issues that led to a breakdown of internal communications and cooperation." "While the organization has seen many successes," the board said, "Jim DeMint and a handful of his closest advisers failed to resolve these problems."[64] DeMint's firing was praised by some, including former U.S. congressman Mickey Edwards (R-OK), who said he saw it as a step by the foundation to pare back its partisan edge and restore its reputation as a pioneering think tank.[64] In January 2018, DeMint was succeeded by Kay Coles James as the foundation's president. The same month, Heritage claimed the Trump administration had by then embraced 64%, or nearly 2/3rds, of 334 proposed policies in the foundation's agenda.[65][66]
Biden administration
In February 2021, after Trump lost re-election, the Heritage Foundation hired three former Trump administration officials, Ken Cuccinelli, Mark A. Morgan, and Chad Wolf, who held various roles in immigration-related functions in the Trump administration. Cuccinelli and Wolf authored several publications in 2021 before leaving the foundation.[67][68][69]
The Heritage Foundation's positions and management under Kay Coles James drew criticism from conservatives and Trump allies, which intensified in 2020 and 2021. "In the early days of the pandemic in spring 2020, Heritage leadership under James rejected an article from one of its scholars denouncing government restrictions, two people with knowledge of the matter said. The foundation's offices stayed closed for about three months, and signs urging masking became something of a joke for many conservatives who mocked the concept", The Washington Post reported in February 2022. Conservatives also began commenting publicly that the Heritage Foundation had lost the significant intellectual and political clout that led to the foundation's ascent in the 1980s and 1990s. "People do not walk around in fear of the Heritage Foundation the way they did 10 years ago," one conservative told The Washington Post. In March 2021, in response to mounting criticism of her leadership of the foundation, James resigned from the foundation.[75]
In October 2021, the Heritage Foundation announced James would be replaced by Kevin Roberts, who previously led a state-based think tank, the Texas Public Policy Foundation, and participated as a member of Texas Governor Greg Abbott's COVID-19 task force.[75][76] Roberts stated that he saw the role of Heritage as "institutionalizing Trumpism."[77][78]
Beginning incrementally in 2022, the Heritage Foundation began publicly embracing national conservatism as its guiding ideology.[79]
In May 2022, the Heritage Foundation completely reversed its position supporting military aid to Ukraine in its attempt to repel the Russian invasion of the nation, which it had previously supported.[80] Following the reversal of its position on military aid to Ukraine, the foundation claimed, "Ukraine Aid Package Puts America Last".[81] In September 2022, the foundation's foreign policy director said the foundation ordered him to retract his earlier statements supporting aid to Ukraine; he subsequently left the organization.[82] In August 2023, Thomas Spoehr, the foundation's Center for National Defense director, resigned his position over the dramatic policy change.[83]
In September 2022, one Heritage employee said he had been "required by management to remove a Twitter post condemning the January 6 storming of the Capitol."[84]
In March 2023, the Heritage Foundation established a cooperative relationship with the Danube Institute, a Budapest-based state-funded think tank founded in 2013.[85]
On July 12, 2024, Heritage stated a conspiracy theory that Biden could attempt to remain in office following the 2024 election by force,[86] and that the 2024 election was illegitimate in advance.[87]
Activities
The Heritage Foundation has historically ranked among the world's most influential think tanks. In 2020, the Global Go To Think Tank Index Report, published by the University of Pennsylvania, ranked the foundation sixth on its list of "top ten think tanks in the United States", 13th among think tanks globally, and first in its category of think tanks having the most significant impact on public policy between 2017 and 2019.[88]
From its 1973 founding through 2001, the Heritage Foundation published Policy Review, a public policy journal and its flagship publication; the journal was acquired by the Hoover Institution in 2001.[citation needed]
In 1981, the Heritage Foundation published Mandate for Leadership, which offered specific policy recommendations on policy, budget, and administrative action for the incoming Reagan administration. Ten additional editions of Mandate for Leadership have been published since.[citation needed]
The Heritage Foundation is an associate member of the State Policy Network, founded in 1992, a network of conservative and libertarian organizations financed by the Koch brothers, Philip Morris, and other corporate sources.[89][90][91]
In 1997, The Wall Street Journal began partnering with Heritage as co-manager and co-editor of the Index of Economic Freedom. In 2014, Charles W. L. Hill, a professor at the Foster School of Business at the University of Washington, criticized the Index of Economic Freedom, writing that, "given that the Heritage Foundation has a political agenda, its work should be viewed with caution."[92]
In June 2014, the Heritage Foundation phased out its blog, The Foundry, replacing it with The Daily Signal, a news and conservative commentary website.[97][98]
In June 2024, The Signal became an independent publication with its own board of directors and leadership.[99]
The Heritage Foundation publishes The Insider, a quarterly magazine about public policy.[116] From 1995 to 2005, the Heritage Foundation ran Townhall, a conservative website that was subsequently acquired by Salem Communications.[117]
Index of Dependence
Beginning in 2002, the Heritage Foundation began publishing "Index of Dependence", an annual report on federal government programs in five areas: housing, health care and welfare, retirement, higher education, and rural and agricultural services that, in its view, constrain private sector or local government alternatives and impact the dependence of individuals on the federal government.[118] The 2010 edition of the "Index of Dependence" concluded that the number of Americans who pay nothing in federal personal income taxes and the number who rely on government services have both increased measurably,[119] and that, over the prior eight years, Americans' dependence on government had grown by almost 33 percent.[120] In February 2012, the foundation's conclusions were challenged by Rex Nutting of MarketWatch, who wrote that the report was "misleading" and "alarmist", that the percentage of Americans "dependent" upon government had remained essentially the same as it was in the 1980s, and that a small increase was attributable to the Great Recession and an aging population with proportionally more retirees.[121]
Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom
In September 2005, the Heritage Foundation established the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom named in honor of the former British prime ministerMargaret Thatcher.[122] Thatcher maintained a long-standing relationship with the Heritage Foundation. In September 1991, shortly after Thatcher left office, the foundation hosted a dinner in Thatcher's honor.[123] Six years later, in 1997, Thatcher delivered the keynote address at Heritage's 25th anniversary celebration.[124] In 2002, Thatcher was again honored by the foundation, which awarded her with its annual Clare Boothe Luce Award.[125]
Positions
Anti-critical race theory legislation
In 2021, the Heritage Foundation said that one of its two priorities, along with tightening voting laws, was to push Republican-controlled states to ban or restrict critical race theory instruction.[126] The Heritage Foundation sought to get Republicans in Congress to put anti-critical race theory provisions into must-pass legislation such as the annual defense spending bill.[126]
Black Lives Matter
In September 2021, a Heritage Foundation senior fellow, Mike Gonzalez, released a book, BLM: The New Making of a Marxist Revolution, which characterizes Black Lives Matter as "a nationwide insurgency" and labels its leaders "avowed Marxists who say they want to dismantle our way of life".[127]
The Heritage Foundation strongly criticized the December 1997 Kyoto Agreement to curb climate change, arguing that American participation in the treaty would "result in lower economic growth in every state and nearly every sector of the economy".[131] The foundation projected that the 2009 cap-and-trade bill, the American Clean Energy and Security Act, would result in a cost of $1,870 per family in 2025 and $6,800 by 2035, which varied greatly from those of the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office, which projected that it would cost the average family $175 in 2020.[132]
LGBT rights opposition
In 2013, a Heritage Foundation panel denounced the Boy Scouts of America organization's proposal to allow membership for gay boy scouts, but not gay scout leaders. Heritage's panelists variously argued that the proposal, if implemented, would be a "fatal concession" that would lead to "increased boy on boy contact", "moral confusion", and damage to "understanding of fatherhood" or "character formation".[133][134]
The Heritage Foundation has opposed gay marriage,[135][136] including both the 2015 Obergefell v. Hodges decision by the Supreme Court,[137][138][139] and the 2022 Respect for Marriage Act.[140][135] Ahead of the Obergefell ruling, Heritage's Ryan T. Anderson argued that gay acceptance is linked to single motherhood, sexual permissiveness, and reformed divorce laws. He added that the issue should be left to the states, but that the states should not legalize gay marriage either.[137] Arguing against the 2022 Respect for Marriage Act, Heritage's Roger Severino stated: "Marriage is the exclusive, lifelong, conjugal union between one man and one woman, and any departure from that design hurts the indispensable goal of having every child raised in a stable home by the mom and dad who conceived him."[141] In 2010, the Heritage Foundation also conducted meetings, which included social researchers opposed to gay marriage, which reportedly helped lead to the publication of the controversial New Family Structures Study.[136][142]
The group has engaged in several activities in opposition to transgender rights, including hosting several anti-transgender rights events,[143][144] developing and supporting legislation templates against transgender rights,[145][146][147] and making claims about transgender youth healthcare and suicide rates based on internal research, which are contradicted by numerous peer-reviewed scientific studies.[148] The Heritage Foundation-led initiative Project 2025 proposed LGBT-related policies, including the limiting of LGBT anti-discrimination protections, and a ban on transgender people from the military.[149]
Ukraine
In May 2022, Heritage Action, the Heritage Foundation's political activism organization, announced its opposition to the $40 billion military aid package for Ukraine passed that month following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, completely reversing the organization's previous position of support for such aid.[150][151] The Heritage Foundation's foreign policy director at the time, Luke Coffey, said he was ordered to retract his earlier statements supporting aid to Ukraine; he subsequently left the foundation.[82]
In August 2023, newly installed Heritage president Kevin Roberts stated in an op-ed column that Congress was holding victims of the 2023 Hawaii wildfires hostage "in order to spend more money in Ukraine". The op-ed was followed by a public messaging campaign with the same message and with a tweet by a Heritage vice president, who argued, "It's time to end the blank, undated checks for Ukraine." This, in turn, led the foundation's second senior official, Lt. Gen. (Ret) Thomas Spoehr, director of Heritage's Center for National Defense, to submit his resignation.[83][152]
Voter fraud claims
The Heritage Foundation has promoted false claims of electoral fraud. Hans von Spakovsky, who heads the Heritage Foundation's Election Law Reform Initiative, has played an influential role in elevating alarmism about voter fraud in the Republican Party, despite offering no evidence of widespread voter fraud.[153][154] His work, which claims voting fraud is rampant, has been discredited.[155]
In May 2021, Heritage Action spent $750,000 on television ads in Arizona to promote the false claim that "Democrats...want to register illegal aliens" to vote, even though the Democrats' legislation creates safeguards to ensure that ineligible people cannot register.[157] In April 2021, Heritage Action boasted to its private donors that it had successfully crafted the election reform bills that Republican state legislators introduced in Georgia and other states.[159]
On January 21, 2024, after three years of silence on Trump's position that Biden was an illegitimate president and that Trump actually won the 2020 election, Lulu Garcia-Navarro, a reporter for The New York Times, presented the question to Heritage president Kevin Roberts: "Do you believe that President Biden won the 2020 election?" "No", Roberts replied.[160]
The New York Times reported in September 2024 that "the notion that [noncitizens] will flood the polls — and vote overwhelmingly for Democrats — is animating a sprawling network of Republicans who mobilized around" Trump after he claimed the 2020 election was rigged, and "the false theories about widespread noncitizen voting could be used to dispute the outcome again." In summer 2024, the Heritage Oversight Project produced videos for distribution on social media and conservative media outlets that made false or misleading claims about the extent of noncitizen voting registrations. In one video that was sent viral by an Elon Musk repost, Heritage falsely claimed that 14% of noncitizens in Georgia were registered, concluding, "the integrity of the 2024 election is in great jeopardy." Heritage based their findings on an extrapolation of hidden camera interview responses from seven residents in a Norcross, Georgia apartment complex. State investigators found the seven people had never registered.[161] Heritage maintains an election fraud database that in 2024 showed just 68 documented instances of noncitizen voting since the 1980s, and just 10 of those were in the country illegally.[162] When Heritage president Kevin Roberts was presented in June 2024 with data from the Heritage database indicating there were only 1,513 total instances of voter fraud in the United States since 1982, he responded that fraud is "very hard to document, and the Democrat party is very good at fraud." When asked if Heritage would accept the results of the 2024 presidential election regardless of who wins, Roberts replied, "yes, if there isn't massive fraud like there was in 2020." Despite the persistence of an election denial movement, no evidence of material election fraud in 2020 was found.[163][164]
In July 2024, Mike Powell, the Heritage executive director for its Oversight Project said, "as things stand right now, there is a zero percent chance of a free and fair election in the United States of America," adding, "I'm formally accusing the Biden administration of creating the conditions that most reasonable policymakers and officials cannot in good conscience certify an election." Heritage released a report predicting without supporting evidence that Biden might try to retain power "by force" if he were to lose in November. Election law expert Rick Hasen remarked, "this is gaslighting and it is dangerous in fanning flames that could lead to potential violence."[165][166]
Heritage is a tax-exempt 501(c)(3) organization and BBB Wise Giving Alliance-accredited charity funded by donations from private individuals, corporations, and charitable foundations.[170][171][172] It is not required to disclose its donors and donations under the current laws that guide tax-deductible organizations.[171]
As of 2010, the foundation reported that it had 710,000 individual financial contributors.[174]
For the fiscal year ending December 31, 2011, CharityWatch reported that Edwin Feulner, the Heritage Foundation's past president, received the highest compensation in its top 25 list of compensation received by charity members. Two years later, in 2013, according to CharityWatch, Feulner received $2,702,687, which included investment earnings of $1,656,230 accrued over 33 years.[175]
^ ab"About Heritage". The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2017. Heritage's staff pursues this mission...
^ abcdeStahl, Jason (July 2018). Right Moves. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 55, 70, 73, 78, 80, 89. ISBN9781469646350. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
^Carafano, Jim. "The Path Forward in Ukraine". Heritage Explains. The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
^Hill, Charles W. L. (2014). International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace (10 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 75. ISBN978-0-07-811277-5.
^Khardori, Ankush (August 12, 2024). "JD Vance's 'Constitutional Crisis' in the Making". Politico. Archived from the original on August 15, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024. Most provocatively, Vance has suggested in a series of interviews this year that Trump should defy the Supreme Court if the justices invalidated the effort....Despite the objectively dubious legal merits of Schedule F, this Supreme Court might very well sign off on it if Trump is elected and pushes some version of it again in a second administration.
^"A look at the Project 2025 plan to reshape government and Trump's links to its authors". PBS Newshour. July 9, 2024. Retrieved August 15, 2024. 'And constitutional scholars that I have spoken to have said that the decision, that Supreme Court decision, could strengthen the basis of Project 2025, which is known as the unitary executive theory, which essentially says that the president has total control over the executive branch, over all the federal agencies.'...'Professor Moynihan added, Amna, that ultimately the Supreme Court decision could help any future president justify getting rid of longstanding independence of the Justice Department or other agencies that are known to be independent, that it could allow them to justify totally doing away with that.'
^Hirsh, Michael (September 19, 2023). "Inside the Next Republican Revolution". Politico. Archived from the original on November 6, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2023. For Trump personally, of course, this is a live-or-die agenda, and Trump campaign officials acknowledge that it aligns well with their own 'Agenda 47' program.
^Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana (September 13, 2005). "Honoring the Iron Lady". The Washington Times.
^Roberts, Roxanne (September 24, 1991). "Margaret Thatcher, On the Right Track; Raves for the Iron Lady at the Heritage Foundation Dinner". The Washington Post.
^Rankin, Margaret (December 12, 1997). "Heritage of conservatism is ongoing after 25 years". The Washington Times.
^Turner, James (2018). The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 167, 183. ISBN978-0-674-97997-0. OCLC1023100262.
^Cassella, Megan (June 27, 2015). "Celebration and bittersweet memories outside U.S. Supreme Court". Reuters. Retrieved June 9, 2024. Outside the courthouse, Jennifer Marshall of the Heritage Foundation conservative think tank said the case 'won't settle the marriage debate any more than Roe v. Wade settled the abortion debate,' referring to the court's 1973 ruling legalizing abortion.
Singaporean academic (died 2011) This is a Chinese name; the family name is Tan. Tan Teck MengDied7 July 2011SingaporeNationalitySingaporeanCitizenshipSingaporeanAlma materUniversity of New South WalesUniversity of SingaporeAwardsPublic Service MedalService to Education AwardMost Inspiring TeacherMost Outstanding TeacherScientific careerFieldsAccounting, BusinessInstitutionsSingapore Management University Tan Teck Meng was a professor of Accounting from Singapore Management University (S...
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Alireza Jahanbakhsh Alireza Jahanbakhsh pada 2019Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Alireza Jahanbakhsh[1]Tanggal lahir 11 Agustus 1993 (umur 30)[2]Tempat lahir Gilan, IranTinggi 185 cm (6 ft 1 in)Posisi bermain gelandangNomor 16Karier junior2005–2007 Payam Alborz Qazvin[2]2007–2008 Persian Qazvin[2]2008–2010 Damash Gilan[2]Karier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010–2011 Damash Tehran 12 (0)2011–2013 Damash Gilan 44 (10)2013–201...
Bor single-member constituency Constituency of the Russian State DumaDeputyArtyom KavinovUnited RussiaFederal subjectNizhny Novgorod OblastDistrictsBor, Chkalovsk, Gorodetsky, Koverninsky, Krasnobakovsky, Nizhny Novgorod (Sormovsky), Semyonov, Shakhunya, Sharangsky, Sokolsky, Tonkinsky, Tonshayevsky, Urensky, Varnavinsky, Vetluzhsky, Voskresensky[1]Voters497,796 (2021)[2] The Bor constituency (No.133[a]) is a Russian legislative constituency in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. ...
Japanese musical artist (1958–2021) Hirotaka Izumi和泉宏隆Izumi performing in 2018Background informationBorn(1958-09-28)September 28, 1958Tokyo, JapanDiedApril 26, 2021(2021-04-26) (aged 62)GenresJazzjazz fusionOccupation(s)KeyboardistpianistcomposerInstrument(s)Pianoelectric pianosynthesizerYears active1982–2021LabelsMistyFountainAlma materKeio University Musical artist Hirotaka Izumi (和泉宏隆, Izumi Hirotaka; September 28, 1958 – April 26, 2021) was a Japanese keybo...
Historical map of the original A8-A9 motorway, Italy. The first motorway ever built in the world was opened on 21 September 1924. The evolution of motorways construction in European countries by total number of kilometers existing in that year. This is a list of the total number of Motorways by country in Europe. It includes motorways (controlled-access highways), classified as such by the Eurostat and includes countries that are not members of the European Union but geographically are situat...
American football player (1936–2014) American football player Dennit MorrisPersonal informationBorn:(1936-04-15)April 15, 1936Hanna, Oklahoma, U.S.Died:April 28, 2014(2014-04-28) (aged 78)Height:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:228 lb (103 kg)Career informationCollege:OklahomaPosition:LBNFL Draft:1958 / Round: 18 / Pick: 215Career history San Francisco 49ers (1958) Houston Oilers (1960–1961) Career highlights and awards 2× AFL champion (1960, 196...
Tom Clancy’sGhost Recon Wildlands Разработчик Ubisoft Paris (гл.)При поддержке:Ubisoft Annecy Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft Milan Ubisoft Romania Ubisoft Reflections Издатель Ubisoft Часть серии Ghost Recon Дата выпуска 7 марта 2017 года[1] Жанр тактический шутер Создатели Композитор Ален Йоханнес[d] Технические данные Платформы WindowsPlayStation...
Paradise Point Paradise Point Paradise Point, on the Arabian Sea, is a beach in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Paradise Point is a sandstone rock promontory which once had a natural arch. The beach has attractions for families and tourists, including beachside horse and camel rides, amusement parks, restaurants, and swimming in the Arabian Sea. Paradise Point Beach is accessible through Mauripur Road (formerly Hawkes Bay Road) or the Mubarak Goth Road from Karachi. Nathiagali Beach is located west...
Gereja Gantung di Kairo, Mesir. Koptik adalah nama golongan orang Mesir Kristen yang umumnya ditandai dengan penggunaan bahasa Koptik (ⲟⲩⲢⲉⲙ̀ⲛⲭⲏⲙⲓ ̀ⲛ̀Ⲭⲣⲏⲥⲧⲓ̀ⲁⲛⲟⲥ ou.Remenkīmi en.Ekhristianos; bahasa Arab Mesir: اقباط, IPA: [ɑʔˈbɑːtˤ]), suatu kelompok etnoreligius yang besar di Mesir dan merupakan kelompok beragama Kristen terbesar di sana. Kristen merupakan agama utama pada abad dan ke-6 hingga Penaklukan Mesir oleh Muslim[...
هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أبريل 2019) جودي جولدسميث معلومات شخصية الميلاد 26 نوفمبر 1938 (85 سنة)[1] مواطنة الولايات المتحدة الحياة العملية المهنة ناشط في مجال حقوق المرأة تعديل مصدري - ت...
1980 live album by Oscar PetersonLive at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980Live album by Oscar PetersonReleased1980RecordedJuly 13, 1980GenreJazzLength77:36LabelPabloProducerNorman GranzOscar Peterson chronology The Personal Touch(1980) Live at the North Sea Jazz Festival, 1980(1980) A Royal Wedding Suite(1981) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1]The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide[2]The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings[3] Live at the North S...
Tri Agus SusantoLahir(1963-08-13)13 Agustus 1963Temanggung PekerjaanAkademikusTahun aktif1985 - sekarang Tri Agus Susanto, S.Pd, M.Si. (lahir 13 Agustus 1963) adalah akademikus berkebangsaan Indonesia. Dia merupakan salah seorang pengajar Ilmu Komunikasi di Sekolah Tinggi Pembangunan Masyarakat Desa (STPMD) APMD Yogyakarta. Namanya dikenal melalui tulisan-tulisannya, baik yang dipublikasikan di surat kabar maupun diterbitkan sebagai buku, yang kebanyakan menyoroti masalah humanisme. Pada...
Railway station in Trondheim, Norway Skansen stasjonSkansen StationGeneral informationLocationIla, TrondheimNorwayCoordinates63°25′50″N 10°22′32″E / 63.43056°N 10.37556°E / 63.43056; 10.37556Elevation5.0 mOwned byBane NOROperated bySJ NorgeLine(s)Dovre LineDistance551.67 kmPlatforms1ConnectionsTram: Gråkallen LineBus: AtBHistoryOpened1893 Skansen (Skansen stasjon) is a railway station located at Ila in Trondheim, Norway. It is on the Dovre Line (Dovre...
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