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Jia Yi
Jia Yi
	18th century depiction of Jia Yi
Traditional Chinese	賈誼
Simplified Chinese	贾谊
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Jiǎ Yì
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Jea Yih
Wade–Giles	Chia3 I4
IPA	[tɕjà î]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Gáa Yih
Jyutping	Gaa2 Ji6
IPA	[ka˧˥ ji˨]
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	Ká Gī
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	Kǽ Ngje
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*C.qˤ<r>aʔ ŋ(r)aj
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	賈生
Simplified Chinese	贾生
Literal meaning	"Scholar Jia"
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Jiǎ shēng
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Gáa sāang
Southern Min
Tâi-lô	Ká sing
Old Chinese
Baxter–Sagart (2014)	*C.qˤ<r>aʔ sreŋ

Jia Yi (Wade–Giles: Chia I; c. 200 – 169 BCE) was a Chinese essayist, poet and politician of the Western Han dynasty, best known as one of the earliest known writers of fu rhapsody and for his essay "Disquisition Finding Fault with Qin" (Guò Qín Lùn 過秦論), which criticises the Qin dynasty and describes Jia's opinions on the reasons for its collapse.

Early attracting the attention of a Governor Wu of Hunan for his literary skills, the promotion of Wu around 179 BCE saw him appointed scholar of the classics. He was made Grand Master of the Palace one year later. Exiled through the influence of "old-guard officials", he was recalled on a pretext as a consultant on Taoist mysticism, but resistance to institutional reform saw him sent to tutor the Emperor Wen's favored youngest son Liu Yi. He is said to have died of grief following the accidental death of Liu Yi on horseback.

Although often recalled modernly for his Disquisitions, his most famous work may actually be his poem On the Owl, which draws on proverbs and parables from the Tao te ching and Zhuangzi, and his Lament for Qu Yuan, containing political and educational insights.^[1] Author of the treatise Xinshu (新書),^[2] the Book of Han's Journal on Literature attributes thirty eight writings to him.^[3]

Life

Jia Yi's biography is contained in Volume 84 of the Records of the Grand Historian.^[4] Jia Yi was born about 200 BCE in Luoyang, though some sources suggest his birth may have been a year earlier in about 201 BCE.^[5]^[6] As a youth Jia became well known in his home county for his literary skills and ability to recite the Chinese Classics. His precociousness caught the attention of "Venerable Wu" (Wu gong 吳公), the local governor and a prominent Legalist scholar who had been a student of the Qin dynasty official Li Si.^[5]

Wu brought Jia onto his staff, and when he became Commandant of Justice in 179 BCE he recommended Jia to Emperor Wen of Han as a scholar of the Classics.^[5] Emperor Wen made Jia a "professor" (bóshì 博士), and within one year had promoted him to Grand Master of the Palace (tàizhōng dàfū 太中大夫), a relatively high-ranking position at the imperial court.^[5]

Upon assuming his new position, Jia began submitting proposals for institutional reforms—including a proposal to require vassal lords to actually reside in their fiefs and not at the capital. He advised Wen to teach his heir to use what may very well be Shen Buhai's administrative method, so as to be able to "supervise the functions of the many officials and understand the usages of government." He was frequently opposed by a group of older officials who had been early supporters of Liu Bang, the founder of the Han dynasty, and who continued to hold important positions under Emperor Wen.^[7]^[5]

This old-guard faction, probably feeling that Jia was a threat to their own positions, protested when Emperor Wen was considering promoting Jia to a ministerial post, saying that Jia was "young and just beginning his studies, yet he concentrates all his desires on arrogating authority to himself, and has brought chaos and confusion to everything."^[5] The emperor, bowing to the faction's pressure, gradually stopped seeking Jia's advice, and in 176 BCE exiled Jia to the southern Changsha Kingdom (roughly corresponding to modern Hunan Province) to serve as Grand Tutor to its young king Wu Chan (吳產; r. 178 – 157 BCE).^[8]^[6]^[9]^[8]

Emperor Wen ended Jia's exile around 172 BCE by summoning him back to the imperial capital at Chang'an, ostensibly in order to consult him on matters of Daoist mysticism. The emperor appointed him to the position of Grand Tutor (tàifù 太傅) to Liu Yi, Emperor Wen's youngest and favorite son, who was said to have been a good student and to have enjoyed reading.^[8] Liu Yi died in 169 BCE due to injuries he suffered in a fall from a horse. Jia blamed himself for the accident and died, grief-stricken, about one year later.^[8]

Works

Jia known for his famous essay "Disquisition Finding Fault with Qin" (Guò Qín Lùn 過秦論), in which Jia recounts his opinions on the cause of the Qin dynasty's collapse, and for two of his surviving fu rhapsodies: "On the Owl" and "Lament for Qu Yuan".^[10] Since he wrote favorably of social and ethical ideas attributed to Confucius and wrote an essay focused on the failings of the Legalist-based Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), he was classified by other scholars in the Han dynasty as a Confucian scholar (rujia).^[6] Jia Yi was known for his interest in ghosts, spirits, and other aspects of the afterlife;^[11] and, he wrote his Lament to Qu Yuan as a sacrificial offering to Qu Yuan,^[12] who had a century-or-so earlier drowned himself after being politically exiled. Jia Yi's actions inspired future exiled poets to a minor literary genre of similarly writing and then tossing their newly composed verses into the Xiang River, or other waters, as they traversed them on the way to their decreed places of exile.^[13]

As a figure favored by Wu gong, Jia Yi would for a time be classed as a Legalist himself. Although he does bare resemblances, as a figure who wrote the Disquisition Finding Fault with Qin, Jia Yi was probably not a proponent of Shang Yang. He likely was familiar with their writings, as suggested by Sima Qian. But his writings have a core based more in Confucianism and Huang-Lao. Between Shang Yang and Shen Buhai, he was likely much more influenced by Shen Buhai.^[14]

References

Citations

^ Knechtges (2010), p. 418-419.
^ Svarverud, Rune. Methods of the Way: Early Chinese Ethical Thought. Leiden: Brill, 1998.
^ Hsiao 1979, pp. 474.
^ Sima and Watson (1993), 443-452.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Knechtges (2010), p. 417.
^ ^a ^b ^c Loewe (1986), 148.
^ Creel 1970, What Is Taoism?, 87, 103, 106-107, 115
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Knechtges (2010), p. 418.
^ Di Cosmo (2002), 201–202.
^ Cutter (1986), p. 254.
^ Murck (2000), p. 46.
^ Hawkes (1985), p. 52.
^ Murck (2000), p. 16.
^
Hsiao 1979, pp. 474.
- Creel 1970 p108. What is Taoism

Sources

Works cited

Cutter, Robert Joe (1986). "Chia I 賈誼". In Nienhauser, William H. (ed.). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature (2nd revised ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 254–5. ISBN 0-253-32983-3.
Di Cosmo, Nicola. (2002). Ancient China and Its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77064-5.
Hawkes, David (1985). The Songs of the South. London, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2.
Knechtges, David R. (2010). "Jia Yi 賈誼". In Knechtges, David R.; Chang, Taiping (eds.). Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature: A Reference Guide, Part One. Leiden: Brill. pp. 417–28. ISBN 978-90-04-19127-3.
Loewe, Michael (1986). "The Former Han Dynasty". In Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–222.
Murck, Alfreda (2000). Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6.
Sima, Qian; Watson, Burton (1993). Records of the Grand Historian: Han Dynasty I (Revised ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 443–452. ISBN 978-0-231-08165-8.