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In mathematics, the Hardy–Littlewood zeta function conjectures, named after Godfrey Harold Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood, are two conjectures concerning the distances between zeros and the density of zeros of the Riemann zeta function.

Conjectures

In 1914, Godfrey Harold Hardy proved^[1] that the Riemann zeta function $\zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}+it{\bigr )}$ has infinitely many real zeros.

Let $N(T)$ be the total number of real zeros, $N_{0}(T)$ be the total number of zeros of odd order of the function $\zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}+it{\bigr )}$ , lying on the interval $(0,T]$ .

Hardy and Littlewood claimed^[2] two conjectures. These conjectures – on the distance between real zeros of $\zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}+it{\bigr )}$ and on the density of zeros of $\zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}+it{\bigr )}$ on intervals $(T,T+H]$ for sufficiently great $T>0$ , $H=T^{a+\varepsilon }$ and with as less as possible value of $a>0$ , where $\varepsilon >0$ is an arbitrarily small number – open two new directions in the investigation of the Riemann zeta function.

1. For any $\varepsilon >0$ there exists such $T_{0}=T_{0}(\varepsilon )>0$ that for $T\geq T_{0}$ and $H=T^{0.25+\varepsilon }$ the interval $(T,T+H]$ contains a zero of odd order of the function $\zeta {\bigl (}{\tfrac {1}{2}}+it{\bigr )}$ .

2. For any $\varepsilon >0$ there exist $T_{0}=T_{0}(\varepsilon )>0$ and $c=c(\varepsilon )>0$ , such that for $T\geq T_{0}$ and $H=T^{0.5+\varepsilon }$ the inequality $N_{0}(T+H)-N_{0}(T)\geq cH$ is true.

Status

In 1942, Atle Selberg studied the problem 2 and proved that for any $\varepsilon >0$ there exists such $T_{0}=T_{0}(\varepsilon )>0$ and $c=c(\varepsilon )>0$ , such that for $T\geq T_{0}$ and $H=T^{0.5+\varepsilon }$ the inequality $N(T+H)-N(T)\geq cH\log T$ is true.

In his turn, Selberg made his conjecture^[3] that it's possible to decrease the value of the exponent $a=0.5$ for $H=T^{0.5+\varepsilon }$ which was proved 42 years later by A.A. Karatsuba.^[4]

References

^ Hardy, G.H. (1914). "Sur les zeros de la fonction $\zeta (s)$ ". Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 158: 1012–1014.
^ Hardy, G.H.; Littlewood, J.E. (1921). "The zeros of Riemann's zeta-function on the critical line". Math. Z. 10 (3–4): 283–317. doi:10.1007/bf01211614. S2CID 126338046.
^ Selberg, A. (1942). "On the zeros of Riemann's zeta-function". SHR. Norske Vid. Akad. Oslo. 10: 1–59.
^ Karatsuba, A. A. (1984). "On the zeros of the function ζ(s) on short intervals of the critical line". Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Mat. 48 (3): 569–584.