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Capital

 Nota: Para outros significados, veja Capital (desambiguação).
Brasília, capital do Brasil
Lisboa, capital de Portugal
Londres, capital do Reino Unido
Moscou, capital da Rússia
Tallinn, capital da Estónia
Taipé, capital da Taiwan
Luanda, capital de Angola
Maputo, capital de Moçambique

Uma capital nacional ou, simplesmente, capital (do latim caput, capitis, "cabeça") é a cidade ou localidade onde reside o governo central, os ministérios e todos os organismos supremos da administração do Estado.[1] Apenas um único país do mundo não possui uma capital de facto, a República de Nauru, um microestado que fica na Oceania: a sede do governo se localiza em Meneng e o parlamento fica na maior cidade do país, Yaren. Segundo os países, as capitais podem existir em diferentes níveis ou hierarquias.

Num sentido mais amplo, uma capital é a cidade que tem a proeminência num campo social, cultural, económico ou de outra índole (por exemplo, Paris e Milão são as capitais da moda, e pela sua parte Jerez a capital do vinho).[2][3]

África

Na África do Sul, a capital administrativa é Pretória, a capital legislativa é a Cidade do Cabo e a capital judicial é Bloemfontein. Esta é uma herança deixada pelo compromisso acordado entre a maioria das diferentes províncias quando foi criada a União da África do Sul em 1910.

Luanda, capital de Angola, é uma das capitais mais velhas de África, fundada em 25 de Janeiro do ano de 1576. Luanda é das cidades mais velhas dos Países da Lusofonia de África, também considerada das mais caras ou mesmo a mais cara do Mundo.

Em Moçambique a capital é Maputo (antiga Lourenço Marques durante o ocupação colonial portuguesa). É também a maior cidade do país e o principal centro financeiro, corporativo e mercantil.

Ásia

O parlamento japonês se encontra na cidade de Chiyoda, em Tóquio, a capital e cidade mais populosa do Japão, além do principal centro político, financeiro, comercial, educacional e cultural do país asiático.

Na Índia, o parlamento nacional é sediado em Nova Déli.

Na China, o poder legislativo (o Congresso Nacional) se encontra na capital Pequim.

América

No Chile, o congresso nacional mudou-se para a cidade de Valparaíso (localizada na região metropolitana de Santiago, a capital oficial), porém, mantendo-se, no entanto, Santiago como a capital.

Atualmente, a capital nacional do Brasil é Brasília, construída e efetivada no mandato do presidente Juscelino Kubitschek. Anteriormente, foram sucessivamente capitais brasileiras a cidade de Salvador (1549 a 1763) e a cidade do Rio de Janeiro (1763-1960). Durante o seu período como capital, o Rio de Janeiro também serviu de capital do Reino de Portugal (1808-1815), do Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves (1815-1821) e do Império do Brasil (1822-1889).

Europa e Oriente Médio

Nos Países Baixos, o governo, o chefe de estado, Rei Guilherme, e o supremo tribunal estão sediados em Haia, mas a constituição determina que a capital oficial é Amesterdão.

A cidade de Nicósia é atualmente a única capital Europeia que ainda está dividida: Em Nicósia do Norte vive a população cipriota turca e ao sul, a população cipriota grega, separadas pela Linha Verde, uma zona desmilitarizada administrada pelas Nações Unidas.

No Montenegro, o governo é sediado na capital Podgorica, mas o presidente vive na antiga capital real Cetinje.

Na Geórgia, em 2012, o parlamento mudou-se para a cidade de Kutaisi, mas o presidente ainda reside em Tbilisi.

Oceania

Na Austrália, o Parlamento Australiano e por conseguinte o governo australiano, é sediado em Camberra, a capital do país.

A capital da Nova Zelândia é Wellington, na qual também é sediado o Parlamento neozelandês.

Na Papua-Nova Guiné, o governo central e o parlamento nacional se encontram em Port Moresby, a capital e maior cidade da nação.

O único país na Oceania (e do mundo) que não tem uma capital formalmente definida é o microestado de Nauru, entretanto, o governo nacional é sediado na maior cidade do país, Yaren.

Ver também

Referências

  1. Vários autores. Atlas Geografía e Historia. (Madrid, Editorial Acueducto, S. L., 2000, pág. VI. ISBN 84-95523-00-0). Sendo esta definição academicamente aceitada.
  2. La capital de la moda está en Milán; pero también se dice de París o Nueva York. En España hay una rivalidad entre Madrid (pasarela Cibeles) y Barcelona (pasarela Gaudí).
  3. Jerez de la Frontera. Capital del vino y del caballo y cuna del cante flamenco; pueden encontrarse muchas otras ciudades que se atribuyen el mismo título, sólo en España Haro, Valdepeñas...
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