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Glutathione disulfide
Names
	Systematic IUPAC name (2S,2′S)-5,5′-(Disulfanediylbis{(2R)-3-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-3-oxopropane-1,2-diyl})bis(2-amino-5-oxopentanoic acid)
Identifiers
CAS Number	27025-41-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
Abbreviations	GSSG
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1372 ;
ChemSpider	58835 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.043.777
IUPHAR/BPS	6835;
KEGG	C00127;
PubChem CID	65359; 11215652;
UNII	ULW86O013H ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5048972 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)/t9-,10-,11-,12-/m0/s1 Key: YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-BJDJZHNGSA-N ; InChI=1/C20H32N6O12S2/c21-9(19(35)36)1-3-13(27)25-11(17(33)23-5-15(29)30)7-39-40-8-12(18(34)24-6-16(31)32)26-14(28)4-2-10(22)20(37)38/h9-12H,1-8,21-22H2,(H,23,33)(H,24,34)(H,25,27)(H,26,28)(H,29,30)(H,31,32)(H,35,36)(H,37,38)/t9-,10-,11-,12-/m0/s1 Key: YPZRWBKMTBYPTK-BJDJZHNGBD;
	SMILES C(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)O)NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)O)[C@@H](C(=O)O)N;
Properties
Chemical formula	C20H32N6O12S2
Molar mass	612.63 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a disulfide derived from two glutathione molecules.^[1]

In living cells, glutathione disulfide is reduced into two molecules of glutathione with reducing equivalents from the coenzyme NADPH. This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme glutathione reductase.^[2]

Antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide during the reduction of peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH):^[3]

2 GSH + ROOH → GSSG + ROH + H₂O

Other enzymes, such as glutaredoxins, generate glutathione disulfide through thiol-disulfide exchange with protein disulfide bonds or other low molecular mass compounds, such as coenzyme A disulfide or dehydroascorbic acid.^[4]

2 GSH + R-S-S-R → GSSG + 2 RSH

The GSH:GSSG ratio is therefore an important bioindicator of cellular health, with a higher ratio signifying less oxidative stress in the organism. A lower ratio may even be indicative of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease.^[5]

Neuromodulator

GSSG, along with glutathione and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), have been found to bind to the glutamate recognition site of the NMDA and AMPA receptors (via their γ-glutamyl moieties), and may be endogenous neuromodulators.^[6]^[7] At millimolar concentrations, they may also modulate the redox state of the NMDA receptor complex.^[7]

References

^ Meister A, Anderson ME (1983). "Glutathione". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 52: 711–60. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431. PMID 6137189.
^ Deneke SM, Fanburg BL (1989). "Regulation of cellular glutathione". The American Journal of Physiology. 257 (4 Pt 1): L163–73. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1989.257.4.L163. PMID 2572174. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
^ Meister A (1988). "Glutathione metabolism and its selective modification". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (33): 17205–8. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)77815-6. PMID 3053703. Archived from the original on 2020-06-10. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
^ Holmgren A, Johansson C, Berndt C, Lönn ME, Hudemann C, Lillig CH (December 2005). "Thiol redox control via thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 33 (Pt 6): 1375–7. doi:10.1042/BST20051375. PMID 16246122.
^ Owen, Joshua B.; Butterfield, D. Allan (2010). "Measurement of oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio". In Bross, Peter; Gregersen, Niels (eds.). Protein Misfolding and Cellular Stress in Disease and Aging. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 648. pp. 269–77. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-756-3_18. ISBN 978-1-60761-755-6. PMID 20700719.
^ Steullet P, Neijt HC, Cuénod M, Do KQ (2006). "Synaptic plasticity impairment and hypofunction of NMDA receptors induced by glutathione deficit: relevance to schizophrenia". Neuroscience. 137 (3): 807–19. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.014. PMID 16330153. S2CID 1417873.
^ ^a ^b Varga V, Jenei Z, Janáky R, Saransaari P, Oja SS (1997). "Glutathione is an endogenous ligand of rat brain N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors". Neurochemical Research. 22 (9): 1165–71. doi:10.1023/A:1027377605054. PMID 9251108. S2CID 24024090.