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A geoglyph is a large design or motif – generally longer than 4 metres (13 ft) – produced on the ground by durable elements of the landscape, such as stones, stone fragments, gravel, or earth. A positive geoglyph is formed by the arrangement and alignment of materials on the ground in a manner akin to petroforms, while a negative geoglyph is formed by removing part of the natural ground surface to create differently coloured or textured ground in a manner akin to petroglyphs.

Geoglyphs are generally a type of land art, and sometimes rock art. A hill figure is created on a slope, so that it can be seen from a distance.

Ancient

The prehistoric English hill figure of the Uffington White Horse

Perhaps the most famous geoglyphs are the Nazca lines in Peru. The cultural significance of these geoglyphs for their creators remains unclear, despite many hypotheses.^[1]

Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations.^[2]^[3]^[4] Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.^[5]^[6]

Other areas with geoglyphs include Megaliths in the Urals, South Australia (Marree Man, which is not ancient, but rather a modern work of art, with mysterious origins), Western Australia and parts of the Great Basin Desert in the southwestern United States. Hill figures, turf mazes and the stone-lined labyrinths of Scandinavia, Iceland, Lappland and the former Soviet Union are types of geoglyphs.

The south of England has a number of equine and human figures cut into chalk hillsides. Examples include the Uffington White Horse, Cerne Abbas Giant, Westbury White Horse, and the Long Man of Wilmington. Some are ancient, others from the last few centuries.

Possible geoglyphs

The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia, "stone-built structures that are far more numerous than (the) Nazca Lines, far more extensive in the area that they cover, and far older,"^[7] have been described as geoglyphs by Amelia Sparavigna, a physics professor at Politecnico di Torino in Italy.^[8] The use of this term to describe these features is probably inaccurate, as recent research has shown that most were not constructed primarily as art, but were rather built to serve a range of purposes including burial sites and funerary customs, aiding in the trapping of migratory animals, and as cleared areas for camps, houses and animal enclosures.^[9]

Contemporary

Not all geoglyphs are ancient. The Land Art movement created many new geoglyphs as well as other structures; perhaps the most famous example is Spiral Jetty by Robert Smithson. Many towns and cities in the Western United States use hillside letters (also known as "mountain monograms") on the hills above their locations. Contemporary Australian sculptor Andrew Rogers has created geoglyphs around the world called "The Rhythms of Life". You Yangs Regional Park is the home of a geoglyph constructed by Rogers in recognition of the indigenous people of the area. It depicts Bunjil, a mythical creature in the culture of the local Wautharong Aboriginal people.^{[citation needed]}

Geoglyphic texts and images are common in Central and Inner Asia but there has been little systematic study of their origins and spread.

More recent figures in the south of England created since the early 1800s have kept up the region's ancient tradition of chalk hillside figures. Examples of these are the Litlington White Horse, Devizes White Horse, Fovant Badges, Cherhill White Horse, and the Marlborough White Horse.

In 2008–2009 Alfie Dennen created Britglyph, a locative art-focused geoglyph created by having participants across the United Kingdom leave rocks at highly specific locations and uploading media created at each location. When taken together and viewed on the main project website an image of a watch and chain inspired by John Harrison's marine chronometer H5 was created.^[10]

People have used the Strava mobile app to create Strava art, virtual geoglyphs.

Geoglyphs in the world

Country	Geoglyph
Israel	Geoglyphs of Har Karkom^[11]
England	Uffington White Horse
	Westbury White Horse
	Cerne Abbas Giant
	Long Man of Wilmington
	Pewsey White Horse
	Litlington White Horse
United States	Gila River Valley
	Great Serpent Mound
	Blythe Intaglios
Peru	Nazca Lines
Peru	Paracas Candelabra
Brazil	Acre Geoglyphs
Chile	Atacama Giant
Bolivia	Sajama Lines
Australia	Marree Man
	Readymix logo geoglyph
	Bunjil Geoglyph
India	Great Indian Desert Lines, (also known as the Boha geoglyphs), Rajasthan
Russia	Russian geoglyph, in the Ural Mountains

References

^ New Technologies for Archaeology: Multidisciplinary Investigations in Palpa and Nasca, Peru, Natural science in archaeology, page 50, Markus Reindel, Günther A. Wagner, Springer Verlag, 2009. ISBN 978-3-540-87437-9
^ Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World". The New York Times.
^ Amazon Jungle geoglyphs in Portuguese
^ Martti Pärssinen, Denise Schaan and Alceu Ranzi (2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia". Antiquity. 83 (322): 1084–1095. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00099373. S2CID 55741813.
^ Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008). "Amazonia lost and found". Pesquisa (Ed.220). FAPESP. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12.
^ "Unnatural Histories – Amazon". BBC Four.
^ Professor David Kennedy, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. "Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast"^{[dead link‍]}, NBC News (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011
^ Amelia Sparavigna, quoted by Owen Jarus, LiveScience Contributor. "Visible Only From Above, Mystifying 'Nazca Lines' Discovered in Mideast"^{[dead link‍]}, NBC News (via LiveScience), 9/15/2011
^ Kennedy, David (2011). "The "Works of the Old Men" in Arabia: remote sensing in interior Arabia". Journal of Archaeological Science. 38 (12): 3185–3203. Bibcode:2011JArSc..38.3185K. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2011.05.027.
^ Dennen, Alfie (2009-03-11). "Britglyph". Moblog. Archived from the original on 2008-12-18. Retrieved 2009-03-17.
^ "The geoglyphs of Har Karkom (Negev, Israel): classification and interpretation" (PDF). ccsp.it. Retrieved 30 July 2018.