GBR-12935

GBR-12935
Identifiers

IUPAC name 1-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine
CAS Number	76778-22-8^Y
PubChem CID	3456
IUPHAR/BPS	4639
ChemSpider	3338^N
UNII	9J9974WIBA
ChEBI	CHEBI:64093^N
ChEMBL	ChEMBL26320^N
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID2043743
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₂₈H₃₄N₂O
Molar mass	414.593 g·mol⁻¹
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
SMILES C1CN(CCN1CCCC2=CC=CC=C2)CCOC(C3=CC=CC=C3)C4=CC=CC=C4
InChI InChI=1S/C28H34N2O/c1-4-11-25(12-5-1)13-10-18-29-19-21-30(22-20-29)23-24-31-28(26-14-6-2-7-15-26)27-16-8-3-9-17-27/h1-9,11-12,14-17,28H,10,13,18-24H2^N Key:RAQPOZGWANIDQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N^N
^NY (what is this?) (verify)

GBR-12935 is a piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective dopamine reuptake inhibitor. It was originally developed in its ³H radiolabelled form for the purpose of mapping the distribution of dopaminergic neurons in the brain by selective labelling of dopamine transporter proteins.^[1] This has led to potential clinical uses in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease,^[2] although selective radioligands such as Ioflupane (¹²³I) are now available for this application. GBR-12935 is now widely used in animal research into Parkinson's disease and the dopamine pathways in the brain.^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

^ Berger P, Janowsky A, Vocci F, Skolnick P, Schweri MM, Paul SM (January 1985). "[3H]GBR-12935: a specific high affinity ligand for labeling the dopamine transport complex". European Journal of Pharmacology. 107 (2): 289–90. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(85)90075-5. PMID 3979428.
^ Janowsky A, Vocci F, Berger P, Angel I, Zelnik N, Kleinman JE, et al. (August 1987). "[3H]GBR-12935 binding to the dopamine transporter is decreased in the caudate nucleus in Parkinson's disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 49 (2): 617–21. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb02908.x. PMID 3598589. S2CID 25654981.
^ Zhu J, Green T, Bardo MT, Dwoskin LP (January 2004). "Environmental enrichment enhances sensitization to GBR 12935-induced activity and decreases dopamine transporter function in the medial prefrontal cortex". Behavioural Brain Research. 148 (1–2): 107–17. doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00190-6. PMID 14684252. S2CID 20382190.
^ Swant J, Wagner JJ (2006). "Dopamine transporter blockade increases LTP in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus via activation of the D3 dopamine receptor". Learning & Memory. 13 (2): 161–7. doi:10.1101/lm.63806. PMC 1409827. PMID 16585791.
^ Hsin LW, Chang LT, Rothman RB, Dersch CM, Jacobson AE, Rice KC (May 2008). "Design and synthesis of 2- and 3-substituted-3-phenylpropyl analogs of 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine and 1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine: role of amino, fluoro, hydroxyl, methoxyl, methyl, methylene, and oxo substituents on affinity for the dopamine and serotonin transporters". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 51 (9): 2795–806. doi:10.1021/jm701270n. PMC 5548119. PMID 18393401.

v t e Stimulants
Adamantanes	Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine
Adenosine antagonists	8-Chlorotheophylline 8-Cyclopentyltheophylline 8-Phenyltheophylline Aminophylline Caffeine CGS-15943 Dimethazan Istradefylline Paraxanthine SCH-58261 Theobromine Theophylline
Alkylamines	Cyclopentamine Cypenamine Cyprodenate Heptaminol Isometheptene Methylhexaneamine Octodrine Propylhexedrine Tuaminoheptane
Ampakines	CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 CX-691 CX-717 IDRA-21 LY-404,187 LY-503,430 Nooglutyl Org 26576 PEPA S-18986 Sunifiram Unifiram
Arylcyclohexylamines	Benocyclidine Dieticyclidine Esketamine Eticyclidine Gacyclidine Ketamine Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Rolicyclidine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine
Benzazepines	6-Br-APB SKF-77434 SKF-81297 SKF-82958
Cathinones	3-FMC 3-MMC 3,4-DMMC 4-BMC 4-CMC 4-Methylbuphedrone 4-Methylcathinone 4-MEAP 4-Methylpentedrone Amfepramone Benzedrone Buphedrone Bupropion Butylone Cathinone Dimethylcathinone Ethcathinone Ethylone Flephedrone Hexedrone Isoethcathinone Mephedrone Methcathinone Methedrone Methylenedioxycathinone Methylone Mexedrone N-Ethylbuphedrone N-Ethylhexedrone Pentedrone Pentylone Phthalimidopropiophenone
Cholinergics	A-84,543 A-366,833 ABT-202 ABT-418 AR-R17779 Altinicline Anabasine Arecoline Bradanicline Cotinine Cytisine Dianicline Epibatidine Epiboxidine GTS-21 Ispronicline Nicotine PHA-543,613 PNU-120,596 PNU-282,987 Pozanicline Rivanicline Sazetidine A SIB-1553A SSR-180,711 TC-1698 TC-1827 TC-2216 Tebanicline UB-165 Varenicline WAY-317,538
Convulsants	Anatoxin-a Bicuculline DMCM Flurothyl Gabazine Pentetrazol Picrotoxin Strychnine Thujone
Eugeroics	Adrafinil Armodafinil CRL-40,940 CRL-40,941 Fluorenol Modafinil
Oxazolines	4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Cyclazodone Fenozolone Fluminorex Pemoline Thozalinone
Phenethylamines	1-(4-Methylphenyl)-2-aminobutane 1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane 2-Fluoroamphetamine 2-Fluoromethamphetamine 2-OH-PEA 2-Phenyl-3-aminobutane 2,3-MDA 3-Fluoroamphetamine 3-Fluoroethamphetamine 3-Methoxyamphetamine 3-Methylamphetamine 4-Fluoroamphetamine 4-Fluoromethamphetamine 4-MA 4-MMA 4-MTA 6-FNE AL-1095 Alfetamine a-Ethylphenethylamine Amfecloral Amfepentorex Amidephrine 2-Amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalene 2-Aminoindane 5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole 2-Aminotetralin Acridorex Amphetamine (Dextroamphetamine, Levoamphetamine) Amphetaminil Arbutamine β-Methylphenethylamine β-Phenylmethamphetamine Benfluorex Benzphetamine BDB BOH 3-Benzhydrylmorpholine BPAP Camfetamine Cathine Chlorphentermine Cilobamine Cinnamedrine Clenbuterol Clobenzorex Cloforex Clortermine Cypenamine D-Deprenyl Denopamine Dimethoxyamphetamine Dimethylamphetamine Dobutamine DOPA (Dextrodopa, Levodopa) Dopamine Dopexamine Droxidopa EBDB Ephedrine Epinephrine Epinine Etafedrine Ethylnorepinephrine Etilamfetamine Etilefrine Famprofazone Fencamfamin Fencamine Fenethylline Fenfluramine (Dexfenfluramine, Levofenfluramine) Fenproporex Feprosidnine Fludorex Formetorex Furfenorex Gepefrine Hexapradol HMMA Hordenine 4-Hydroxyamphetamine 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane Ibopamine Indanylamphetamine Iofetamine Isoetarine Isoprenaline L-Deprenyl (Selegiline) Lefetamine Lisdexamfetamine Lophophine MBDB MDA (tenamfetamine) MDBU MDEA MDMA (midomafetamine) MDMPEA MDOH MDPR MDPEA Mefenorex Mephentermine Metanephrine Metaraminol Mesocarb Methamphetamine (Dextromethamphetamine, Levomethamphetamine) Methoxamine Methoxyphenamine MMA Methoxyphenamine MMDA MMDMA MMMA Morforex N,alpha-Diethylphenylethylamine N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine Naphthylamphetamine Nisoxetine Norepinephrine Norfenefrine Norfenfluramine Normetanephrine L-Norpseudoephedrine Octopamine Orciprenaline Ortetamine Oxifentorex Oxilofrine PBA PCA PCMA PHA Pentorex Phenatine Phenpromethamine Phentermine Phenylalanine Phenylephrine Phenylpropanolamine Pholedrine PIA PMA PMEA PMMA PPAP Prenylamine Propylamphetamine Pseudoephedrine Ropinirole Salbutamol (Levosalbutamol) Sibutramine Solriamfetol Synephrine Theodrenaline Tiflorex Tranylcypromine Tyramine Tyrosine Xylopropamine Zylofuramine
Phenylmorpholines	3-Fluorophenmetrazine Fenbutrazate Fenmetramide G-130 Manifaxine Morazone Morforex Oxaflozane PD-128,907 Phendimetrazine Phenmetrazine 2-Phenyl-3,6-dimethylmorpholine Pseudophenmetrazine Radafaxine
Piperazines	2C-B-BZP 3C-PEP BZP CM156 DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 GBR-13119 JJC8-088 MeOPP MBZP oMPP Vanoxerine
Piperidines	1-Benzyl-4-(2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl)piperidine 2-Benzylpiperidine 2-Methyl-3-phenylpiperidine 3,4-Dichloromethylphenidate 4-Benzylpiperidine 4-Fluoromethylphenidate 4-Methylmethylphenidate Desoxypipradrol Difemetorex Diphenylpyraline Ethylnaphthidate Ethylphenidate Methylnaphthidate Isopropylphenidate JZ-IV-10 Methylphenidate (Dexmethylphenidate) Nocaine Phacetoperane Pipradrol Propylphenidate Serdexmethylphenidate SCH-5472
Pyrrolidines	2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine 4-Cl-PVP 5-DBFPV α-PPP α-PBP α-PCYP α-PHiP α-PHP α-PHPP α-PVP α-PVT Diphenylprolinol DMPVP FPOP FPVP MDPPP MDPBP MPBP MPHP MPPP MOPVP MOPPP Indapyrophenidone MDPV Naphyrone PEP Picilorex Prolintane Pyrovalerone
Racetams	Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide
Tropanes	4-fluorotropacocaine 4'-Fluorococaine Altropane (IACFT) Brasofensine CFT (WIN 35,428) β-CIT (RTI-55) Cocaethylene Cocaine Dichloropane (RTI-111) Difluoropine FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (¹²³I) Norcocaine PIT PTT RTI-31 RTI-32 RTI-51 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-120 RTI-121 (IPCIT) RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 RTI-354 RTI-371 RTI-386 Salicylmethylecgonine Tesofensine Troparil (β-CPT, WIN 35,065-2) Tropoxane WF-23 WF-33
Tryptamines	4-HO-αMT 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-Chloro-αMT 5-Fluoro-αMT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MeO-DIPT 6-Fluoro-αMT 7-Methyl-αET αET αMT
Others	2-MDP 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amfonelic acid Amineptine Amiphenazole Atipamezole Atomoxetine Bemegride Benzydamine BTQ BTS 74,398 Centanafadine Ciclazindol Clofenciclan Cropropamide Crotetamide D-161 Desipramine Diclofensine Dimethocaine Efaroxan Etamivan Fenisorex Fenpentadiol Gamfexine Gilutensin GSK1360707F GYKI-52895 Hexacyclonate Idazoxan Indanorex Indatraline JNJ-7925476 Lazabemide Leptacline Lomevactone LR-5182 Mazindol Meclofenoxate Medifoxamine Mefexamide Methamnetamine Methastyridone Methiopropamine Naphthylaminopropane Nefopam Nikethamide Nomifensine O-2172 Oxaprotiline PNU-99,194 PRC200-SS Rasagiline Rauwolscine Rubidium chloride Setazindol Tametraline Tandamine Thiopropamine Thiothinone Trazium UH-232 Yohimbine
ATC code: N06B

Monoamine reuptake inhibitors

DAT
(DRIs)

Piperazines: DBL-583 GBR-12783 GBR-12935 GBR-13069 GBR-13098 JJC8-088 Nefazodone Vanoxerine
Piperidines: 4-Fluoropethidine Benocyclidine (BTCP) Desoxypipradrol Dexmethylphenidate Difemetorex Ethylphenidate HDMP-28 Methylphenidate Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclidine Pipradrol Serdexmethylphenidate Tenocyclidine
Pyrrolidines: Diphenylprolinol MDPV Naphyrone Prolintane Pyrovalerone
Tropanes: Altropane Benzatropine (benztropine) Brasofensine CFT Cocaine Dichloropane Difluoropine Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine) FE-β-CPPIT FP-β-CPPIT Ioflupane (¹²³I) RTI-55 RTI-112 RTI-113 RTI-121 RTI-126 RTI-150 RTI-177 RTI-229 RTI-336 Tesofensine Troparil Tropoxane WF-11 WF-23 WF-31 WF-33
Others: Adrafinil Amifitadine Armodafinil Amfonelic acid Amineptine Ansofaxine BTQ BTS 74,398 Bupropion Chaenomeles speciosa Ciclazindol Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) Dimethocaine Diphenylpyraline Dizocilpine (MK-801) DOV-102,677 DOV-216,303 Efavirenz Ephenidine Esketamine EXP-561 Fencamfamin Fezolamine Fluorenol GYKI-52895 Hydroxybupropion Indatraline Ketamine Lefetamine Levophacetoperane Liafensine LR-5182 Manifaxine Mazindol Medifoxamine Mesocarb Metaphit MIN-117 (WF-516) Modafinil Nefopam Nomifensine NS-2359 O-2172 Oroxylin A Perafensine Pridefine Radafaxine Rimcazole Sertraline Sibutramine Solriamfetol Tametraline Tedatioxetine Threohydrobupropion Tripelennamine Venlafaxine

NET
(NRIs)

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Amedalin Alseroxylon Ciclazindol Daledalin Edivoxetine Esreboxetine Lortalamine Mazindol Nisoxetine Reboxetine Talopram Talsupram Tandamine Teniloxazine Viloxazine
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: Amineptine Bupropion Fencamine Fencamfamin Hydroxybupropion Lefetamine Levophacetoperane LR-5182 Manifaxine Methylphenidate Nomifensine O-2172 Radafaxine Serdexmethylphenidate Solriamfetol
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) CP-39,332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA Nafenodone PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Melitracen Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine
Tetracyclic antidepressants: Amoxapine Maprotiline Mianserin Oxaprotiline Setiptiline
Others: Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., ketamine, phencyclidine) Dopexamine Ephenidine Ginkgo biloba Indeloxazine Nefazodone Opioids (e.g., desmetramadol, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), tapentadol, tramadol, levorphanol)

SERT
(SRIs)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: 6-Nitroquipazine Alaproclate Centpropazine Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Didesmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Norfluoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine PIM-35 Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Zimelidine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin receptor modulators: Etoperidone Litoxetine Lubazodone LY-393558 Quipazine SB-649915 TGBA01AD Trazodone Vilazodone Vortioxetine
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: Atomoxetine (tomoxetine) Bicifadine CP-39332 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Tofenacin Venlafaxine
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors: 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Desmethylsibutramine (BTS-54354) Diclofensine Didesmethylsibutramine (BTS-54505) DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 HP-505 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 Pridefine SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Sibutramine Tedatioxetine Tesofensine Threohydrobupropion Tropanes (e.g., cocaine)
Tricyclic antidepressants: Amitriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Cyanodothiepin Desipramine Dosulepin (dothiepin) Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline
Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine, ziprasidone) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., 3-MeO-PCP, esketamine, ketamine, methoxetamine, phencyclidine) Cyclobenzaprine Delucemine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Hypidone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol, tapentadol, tramadol) Roxindole

VMATs

Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Deutetrabenazine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
Reserpine
Rose bengal
Tetrabenazine
Valbenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)

Others

DAT enhancers: Luteolin

DAT modulators: Agonist-like: SoRI-9804
SoRI-20040; Antagonist-like: SoRI-20041

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Monoamine releasing agents • Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics • Monoamine metabolism modulators • Monoamine neurotoxins

v t e Piperazines
Simple piperazines (no additional rings)	Aminoethylpiperazine Diethylcarbamazine HEPPS Midafotel Piperazine PIPES
Phenylpiperazines	2C-B-PP 3,4-CFP Acaprazine Antrafenine Aripiprazole Batoprazine Bifeprunox BRL-15,572 Ciprofloxacin CSP-2503 Dapiprazole DCPP DMPP Diphenylpiperazine Dropropizine EGIS-12,233 Elopiprazole Eltoprazine Enpiprazole Ensaculin Etoperidone Flesinoxan Fluanisone Flibanserin Fluprazine Itraconazole Ketoconazole Levodropropizine Lorpiprazole mCPP Mefway MeOPP Mepiprazole Naftopidil Naluzotan Naphthylpiperazine Nefazodone Niaprazine Oxypertine Pardoprunox pCPP pFPP Posaconazole S-14,506 S-14,671 S-15,535 SB-258,585 SB-271,046 SB-357,134 SB-399,885 Sonepiprazole TFMPP Tolpiprazole Trazodone Urapidil Vesnarinone Vilazodone Vortioxetine WAY-100,135 WAY-100,635
Benzylpiperazines	2C-B-BZP 3-Methylbenzylpiperazine Befuraline Bifeprunox Buclizine BZP Chlorbenzoxamine DBZP Fipexide Imatinib MBZP MDBZP Meclozine Methoxypiperamide NSI-189 Piberaline Piribedil RN-1747 Sunifiram Trimetazidine Vesnarinone
Diphenylalkylpiperazines (benzhydrylalkylpiperazines)	AD-1211 Almitrine Amperozide BRL-15,572 Buclizine BW373U86 Cetirizine Chlorbenzoxamine Chlorcyclizine Cinnarizine Clocinizine Cyclizine DBL-583 Diphenpipenol Diphenylmethylpiperazine Dotarizine DPI-221 DPI-287 DPI-3290 GBR-12,783 GBR-12,935 GBR-13,069 GBR-13,098 GBR-13,119 Hydroxyzine JJC8-088 Lidoflazine Manidipine Meclozine MT-45 Oxatomide SNC-80 Vanoxerine
Pyrimidinylpiperazines	Buspirone Dasatinib Eptapirone Gepirone Ipsapirone Piribedil Pyrimidinylpiperazine Revospirone Tandospirone Tirilazad Trimazosin Umespirone Zalospirone
Pyridinylpiperazines	Atevirdine Azaperone Delavirdine Mirtazapine ORG-12962 Pyridinylpiperazine
Benzo(iso)thiazolyl piperazines	Lurasidone Perospirone Revospirone Tiospirone Ziprasidone
Tricyclics (piperazine attached via side chain)	Amoxapine Clopenthixol Clorotepine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Flupentixol Fluphenazine Isofloxythepin Loxapine Meperathiepin Metitepine Octomethothepin Olanzapine Opipramol Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Pirenzepine Prochlorperazine Thiethylperazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Trifluthepin Zuclopenthixol
Others/Uncategorized	6-Nitroquipazine AP-238 Azimilide Bucinnazine Cinepazet Cinepazic acid Cinepazide CPD-1 Cyclohexylpiperazine EGIS-7625 Hexocyclium Indinavir JNJ-7777120 Lodenafil MK-212 Mirodenafil PB-28 Quipazine Ranolazine SA-4503 Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil VUF-6002 WY-46824 Zipeprol

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