Every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Each subject has its own constitution or charter and legislation, although the authority of these organs differ. Subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies.[1] The subjects have equal representation – two delegates each – in the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. They differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy; republics are offered more autonomy.
Post-Soviet Russia formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR and did not change at the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. In 1992, during the so-called "parade of sovereignties", separatist sentiments and the War of Laws within Russia, the Russian regions signed the Federation Treaty (Russian: Федеративный договор, romanized: Federativnyy dogovor),[2] establishing and regulating the current inner composition of Russia, based on the division of authorities and powers among Russian government bodies and government bodies of constituent entities. The Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. The current Constitution of Russia, adopted by federal referendum on 12 December 1993, came into force on 25 December 1993 and abolished the model of the Soviet system of government introduced in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin and based on the right to secede from the country and on unlimited sovereignty of federal subjects (in practice secession was never allowed), which conflicts with the country's integrity and federal laws. The new constitution eliminated a number of legal conflicts, reserved the rights of the regions, introduced local self-government and did not grant the Soviet-era right to secede from the country. In the late 1990s and early 2000s the political system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government. In the 2000s, following the policies of Vladimir Putin and of the ruling United Russia party, the Russian parliament changed the distribution of tax revenues, reduced the number of elections in the regions and gave more power to the federal authorities.
The Russian Federation was composed of 89 federal subjects in 1993. Mergers reduced the number to 83 by 2008. Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, with the Russian government claiming Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea to be the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, a move that is not recognized internationally.[3][4] During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, four Ukrainian oblasts were annexed by Russia, though they remain internationally recognized as part of Ukraine and are only partially occupied by Russia.[5]
Terminology
An official government translation of the Constitution of Russia from Russian to English uses the term "constituent entities of the Russian Federation". For example, Article 5 reads: "The Russian Federation shall consist of republics, krais, oblasts, cities of federal significance, an autonomous oblast, and autonomous okrugs, which shall have equal rights as constituent entities of the Russian Federation."[1] A translation provided by Garant-Internet instead uses the term "subjects of the Russian Federation".[6]
Tom Fennell, a translator, told the 2008 American Translators Association conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation" is a better translation than "subject".[7] This was supported by Tamara Nekrasova, Head of Translation Department at Goltsblat BLP, who said in a 2011 presentation at a translators conference that "constituent entity of the Russian Federation is more appropriate than subject of the Russian Federation (subject would be OK for a monarchy)".[8]
Rank (as given in constitution and ISO)
Russian
English translations of the constitution
ISO 3166-2:RU (ISO 3166-2 Newsletter II-2 (2010-06-30))
Nominally autonomous,[10][11] each with its own constitution, language, and legislature, but represented by the federal government in international affairs. Most are designated as the home to a specific ethnic minority as their titular nation or nations. Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partially occupied by Russian and Russian-controlled forces in 2014, and declared annexed by Russia as the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in 2022. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is internationally recognized as a part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia as the Republic of Crimea in 2014.
For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. The title "krai" ("frontier" or "territory") is historic, related to geographic (frontier) position in a certain period of history. The current krais are not related to frontiers.
The most common type, with a governor and locally elected legislature. Commonly named after their administrative centres. Kaliningrad Oblast is geographically separated from all the rest of Russia by other countries. Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast are internationally recognized as parts of Ukraine, but were partiallyoccupied by Russian forces and declared annexed in 2022.
Major cities that function as separate regions and include other cities and towns (Zelenograd, Troitsk, Kronstadt, Kolpino, etc.) – keeping older structures of postal addresses. Sevastopol is internationally recognized as a part of Ukraine, but was occupied and annexed by Russia in 2014.
An Autonomous Oblast has increased powers compared to traditional oblasts, but not enough to be considered a Republic. The only one remaining is the Jewish Autonomous Oblast; Russia previously had 4 other Autonomous Oblasts that were changed into Republics on 3 July 1991.
Occasionally referred to as "autonomous district", "autonomous area" or "autonomous region", each with a substantial or predominant ethnic minority designated as its titular nation. With the exception of Chukotka, each of the autonomous okrugs is part of another oblast (Arkhangelsk or Tyumen), as well as functioning as a federal subject by itself.
a.^ The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre.
b.^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Saint Petersburg. However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.
c.^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city of Moscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.
e.^ In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.
f.^ Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia.
g.^ As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure.
Map of the federal subjects of Russia highlighting those that merged in the first decade of the 21st century (in yellow), and those whose merger has been discussed in the same decade (in orange)
Starting in 2005, some of the federal subjects were merged into larger territories. In this process, six very sparsely populated subjects (comprising in total 0.3% of the population of Russia) were integrated into more populated subjects, with the hope that the economic development of those territories would benefit from the much larger means of their neighbours. The merging process was finished on 1 March 2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008. The six territories became "administrative-territorial regions with special status". They have large proportions of minorities, with Russians being a majority only in three of them. Four of those territories have a second official language in addition to Russian: Buryat (in two of the merged territories), Komi-Permian, Koryak. This is an exception: all the other official languages of Russia (other than Russian) are set by the Constitutions of its constituent Republics (Mordovia, Chechnya, Dagestan etc.). The status of the "administrative-territorial regions with special status" has been a subject of criticism because it does not appear in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
In addition to those six territories that entirely ceased to be subjects of the Russian Federation and were downgraded to territories with special status, another three subjects have a status of subject but are simultaneously part of a more populated subject:
Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug obtained the status of subject in 1992 (after obtaining autonomy in 1977), but is also part of Tyumen Oblast.
With an estimated population of 49348 as of 2018, Chukotka is currently the least populated subject of Russia that is not part of a more populated subject. It was separated from Magadan Oblast in 1993. Chukotka is one of the richest subjects of Russia (with a Gross Regional Product [GRP] per capita equivalent to that of Australia) and therefore does not fit in the pattern of merging a subject to benefit from the economic dynamism of the neighbour.
In 1992, Ingushetia separated from Chechnya, both to stay away from the growing violence in Chechnya and as a bid to obtain the Eastern part of Northern Ossetia (it did not work: the Chechen conflict spread violence to Ingushetia, and North Ossetia retained its Prigorodny District). Those two Muslim republics, populated in vast majority (95%+) by closely related Vainakh people, speaking Vainakhish languages, remain the two poorest subjects of Russia, with the GRP per capita of Ingushetia being equivalent to that of Iraq. According to 2016 statistics, however, they are also the safest regions of Russia, and also have the lowest alcohol consumption, with alcohol poisoning at least 40 times lower than the federal average.[17][18][19]
In 2011–2012, the territory of Moscow increased by 140% (to 2,511 km2 (970 sq mi)) by acquiring part of Moscow Oblast.
On 13 May 2020, the governors of Arkhangelsk Oblast and Nenets Autonomous Okrug announced their plan to merge following the collapse of oil prices stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.[20][21] The process was scrapped on 2 July due to its unpopularity among the population.[22]
12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).
Pembentukan Kerajaan Portugal (Perjanjian Zamora). Ubin di Jardim 1.º de Dezembro, Portimão, Portugal. Perjanjian Zamora (5 Oktober 1143) adalah perjanjian dimana diakuinya Portugal sebagai kerajaan dengan rajanya sendiri oleh Kerajaan León. Berdasarkan ketentuan perjanjian tersebut, Raja Alfonso VII dari León mengakui Kerajaan Portugal di hadapan sepupunya Raja Afonso I dari Portugal, disaksikan oleh wakil kepausan, Kardinal Guido de Vico, di Katedral Zamora. Kedua raja tersebut menjanji...
Institut Agama Islam Negeri ParepareNama sebelumnyaFakultas Tarbiyah IAIN Alauddin STAIN ParepareMotoMalebbi Warekkadanna, Makkeade' AmpenaJenisPerguruan tinggi Islam negeri di IndonesiaDidirikan21 Maret 1997Lembaga indukKementerian Agama Republik IndonesiaAfiliasiIslamRektorDR. Hannani.Jumlah mahasiswa8.963 orangSarjana3.281 orangMagister368 orangLokasiKota Parepare, Sulawesi Selatan, IndonesiaAlamatJl. Amal Bakti No. 8, Soreang, Kota ParepareWarna Hijau ToscaNama julukanIAIN ParepareS...
Moscow City Duma electoral constituency Moscow City Duma District 13 Moscow City Duma constituencyDistrict boundaries from 2014 to 2024DeputyIgor BuskinIndependentAdministrative OkrugNorth-EasternDistrictsBabushkinsky, Losinoostrovsky, YaroslavskyVoters162,812 (2019)[1] Moscow City Duma District 13 is one of 45 constituencies in Moscow City Duma. Currently the district covers parts of North-Eastern Moscow. The district has been represented since 2019 by United Russia faction member Ig...
Jacob Adler beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk ekonom dan profesor bisnis, lihat Jacob O. Adler. Untuk teolog Jerman, lihat Jacob Georg Christian Adler. Jacob Pavlovich AdlerAdler pada 1920LahirYankev P. Adler12 Februari 1855Odessa, Kekaisaran RusiaMeninggal1 April 1926(1926-04-01) (umur 71)New York City, Amerika SerikatNama lainJacob P. AdlerPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1878–1924Suami/istriSonya Oberlander (m. 1880; wafat 1886) Di...
Abdul Hamid AriefA. Hamid Arief, c. 1960Lahir25 November 1924Batavia, Hindia BelandaMeninggal20 Desember 1992(1992-12-20) (umur 78)Jakarta, IndonesiaPekerjaanPemeranTahun aktif1948–1992 Abdul Hamid Arief (25 November 1914 – 20 Desember 1992) adalah pemeran Indonesia. Karier Kariernya berawal dari menyanyi dalam rombongan sandiwara Pantjawarna dan Bintang Surabaya. Hamid Arief bermain film pertama kali pada tahun 1948. A. Hamid Arief adalah pemeran yang seangkatan ...
Polish socialist politician Jędrzej Moraczewski2nd Prime Minister of the Second Polish RepublicIn office18 November 1918 – 16 January 1919PresidentRada Regencyjna (Regency Council)Józef Piłsudski (Chief of State)DeputyTomasz NocznickiPreceded byIgnacy Daszyński (provisional)Succeeded byIgnacy Jan Paderewski Personal detailsBornJędrzej Edward Moraczewski(1870-01-13)13 January 1870Tremessen (Trzemeszno), Province of Posen, Kingdom of PrussiaDied5 August 1944(1944-08-05) (aged...
Norwegian courtier, military officer and estate owner Peder Anker Wedel-Jarlsberg Peder Anker, Count of Wedel-Jarlsberg (born 18 August 1875, died 13 October 1954) was a Norwegian courtier, military officer and estate owner. He served as Lord Chamberlain for King Haakon VII of Norway from 1931 to 1945 and was one of the King's closest confidants for over thirty years. In 1946 he succeeded his brother as head of the house of Wedel-Jarlsberg and feudal count (lensgreve), the highest rank of the...
Sir John HurtCBEHurt pada tahun 2015LahirJohn Vincent Hurt(1940-01-22)22 Januari 1940Chesterfield, Derbyshire, InggrisMeninggal25 Januari 2017(2017-01-25) (umur 77)Cromer, Norfolk, InggrisPekerjaanAktorTahun aktif1961–2017Suami/istriAnnette Robertson (m. 1962; c. 1964)Donna Peacock (m. 1984; c. 1990)Joan Dalton (m. 1990; c. 1996)R...
Cet article est une ébauche concernant une localité italienne et le Trentin-Haut-Adige. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Campodenno Noms Nom allemand Dennenfeld Administration Pays Italie Région Trentin-Haut-Adige Province Trentin Code postal 38010 Code ISTAT 022037 Code cadastral B525 Préfixe tel. 0461 Démographie Population 1 498 hab. (1er janvier 2023[1]) Densité 60...
53°39′00″N 1°44′21″W / 53.6501°N 1.7391°W / 53.6501; -1.7391 Hospital in West Yorkshire, EnglandKirkwood HospiceGeographyLocationDalton, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, EnglandOrganisationTypeHospice (Registered Charity No. 512987)ServicesLinksWebsitehttp://www.kirkwoodhospice.co.uk/ListsHospitals in England Kirkwood Hospice is a hospice situated in Dalton, Huddersfield, in West Yorkshire, England. It provides Specialist palliative care for the terminally il...
Comics character Doctor HurtSimon Hurt wearing Thomas Wayne's bat-themed masquerade costume, art by Frank Quitely.Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsFirst appearanceUnnamed: Batman #156 (June 1963)As Simon Hurt: Batman #673 (June 2008)Created bySheldon Moldoff (writer)Charles Paris (artist)2008 revision by Grant MorrisonIn-story informationAlter egoSimon HurtSpeciesHumanTeam affiliationsBlack GloveClub of VillainsReligion of CrimeNotable aliasesThe Hole in Things, Mangrove Pierce, Dr. H...
Island in Boston Harbor, US Rainsford Island View from the water Quarantine Hospital on Rainsford Island, built in 1832 by Josiah Rogers Rainsford Island reformatory, 1897 Boys at the Rainsford Island reformatory, 1897 Rainsford Island, formerly known Hospital Island, Pest House Island, and Quarantine Island,[1] is a 11-acre (45,000 m2)[2] island in the Boston Harbor, situated between Long Island and Peddocks Island. The island is composed of two drumlins, reaching an ele...
Игорь Сергеевич Савольский Чрезвычайный и полномочный посол Российской Федерации в Венгрии 17 января 2006 — 23 сентября 2009 Президент Владимир ПутинДмитрий Медведев Предшественник Валерий Мусатов Преемник Александр Толкач Чрезвычайный и полномочный посол Российской Ф...
此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...
Trans-Pennine railway line in Northern England Hope Valley lineThe line at Bamford in the Hope ValleyOverviewStatusOperationalOwnerNetwork RailLocaleGreater ManchesterDerbyshireSouth YorkshireTerminiManchester PiccadillySheffieldStations28ServiceTypeHeavy railSystemNational RailOperator(s)East Midlands RailwayNorthern TrainsTransPennine ExpressDepot(s)LongsightRolling stockClass 150Class 156Class 158Class 170Class 185Class 195HistoryOpened6 November 1893 (goods)1 June 1894 (passengers)Technic...
American economist This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: John Muth – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article has ...
National Olympic Committee This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Colombian Olympic Committee – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Colombian Olympic CommitteeCountry/Region ColombiaCodeCOLCreated3 July 1936Recognized1948ContinentalAssociationPASOHeadquartersBogotá, Colombia...
Sungai Simpang TanggaSungai Simpang TanggaLokasi mulut sungaiTampilkan peta KalimantanSungai Simpang Tangga (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaLokasiNegaraIndonesiaProvinsiKalimantan SelatanKotaBanjarmasinCiri-ciri fisikHulu sungai - lokasiKalimantan Sungai Simpang Tangga adalah sungai yang mengalir di kota Banjarmasin, Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Geografi Sungai ini mengalir di kecamatan Banjarmasin Utara.[1] Sungai Simpang Tangga memiliki panjang 723,371 m dengan ...
United States military prison in southeastern Cuba Guantanamo Bay detention campLocationGuantanamo Bay Naval Base, CubaCoordinates19°54′03″N 75°05′59″W / 19.90083°N 75.09972°W / 19.90083; -75.09972StatusOperationalPopulation30 (as of June 2024)OpenedJanuary 11, 2002; 22 years ago (January 11, 2002)Managed byUnited States Navy The Guantanamo Bay detention camp,[note 1] is a United States military prison within Naval Station Guantanam...
,_disputed_Crimea_and_Donbass.svg)
.png){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
.svg){kind=small}
