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Emphyteusis (Greek, 'implanting') or emphyteutic lease is a contract for land that allows the holder the right to the enjoyment of a property, often in perpetuity, on condition of proper care, payment of tax and rent. This type of real estate contract specifying that the lessee must improve the property for the nation or for its population e.g. through construction or a railway service or by farming the land to create produce, as happened in Mauritius where people were starving. The term is commonly used in Quebec and France and its ex colonies. These sorts of leases are usually associated with government lands or government properties.

Rwanda adopted an emphyteutic leasing system in 2013, offering 99-year leases for agricultural land to its citizens, and 20-year leases for residential land.^[1]

History

Emphyteusis originated in Ancient Greece.^{[citation needed]} In the early Roman Empire, it was initially granted by the state for the purposes of agriculture or development. In essence, it was a long-term lease of an imperial domain for a rental in kind. The title existing before emphyteusis was ius in agro vectigali. The emphyteusis gave the lease-holder (emphyteuta) rights similar to those of a proprietor, although the real owner remained the person to whom the rent (canon or pensio) was paid. The tenant gained most of the rights of the owner. Accordingly, he could maintain actio vectigalis in rem against any one to recover possession of the land thus leased.^[2] Under certain circumstances, the land returned to the owner, as in the case of the death of the emphyteuta intestate, non-payment of the rent or taxes for three years (or two years in case of land held of the Church), lapse of time if a term was fixed in the original agreement, contractus emphyteuseos, which was a specific contract and neither an ordinary lease nor a sale. The rights of the emphyteuta embraced the full use of the land and its products and were alienable and transferable by testament or ab intestato.^[3]

Emphyteusis is still in use in countries such as Sri Lanka,^[4] Germany, Belgium, Canada,^[5] Portugal,^[6] France,^[7] Italy,^[8] the Netherlands,^[9] Malta and Catalonia^[10] and, until relatively recently, in Scotland.^[11]

References

^ http://www.landgovernance.org/assets/20160627-Factsheet-Rwanda.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}
^ Poste, Edward (1904). Institutes of Roman Law by Gaius. Clarendon Press. p. 430.
^ Berger, Adolf (1953). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. French University. p. 452.
^ "Alfred Fernando v. Julian Fernando" (PDF). repository.ou.ac.lk. Sri Lanka Law Reports. 1987-01-16. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2022-09-18.
^ Agency, Canada Revenue (22 June 2017). "Emphyteutic Leases". aem. Retrieved 2019-06-09.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-24. Retrieved 2019-04-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Glock, Stéphane. "REAL PROPERTY LAW PROJECT FRANCE" (PDF).
^ "Leasehold or Emphyteusis in Italy: What You Should Know". 17 March 2017.
^ https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/housing/ground-lease/ ^{[bare URL]}
^ "emfiteusi". enciclopèdia.cat. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
^ Steven, Andrew J M. "REVOLUTION IN SCOTTISH LAND LAW" (PDF).