Arms of the de Burgh, Earls of Ulster: Or, a cross gules.[1]Arms of Mortimer, Earls of March and Earls of Ulster: Barry of six or and azure on a chief of the first two pallets between two gyrons of the second over all an inescutcheon argent (Mortimer), quartered with arms of de Burgh[2]Arms of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, 8th Earl of Ulster: Quarterly, 1st and 4th, quarterly, France moderne, and England, overall a label of three points each charged with three torteaux (House of York), 2nd, quarterly, Castile and Leon, 3rd, quarterly, Mortimer and de Burgh, and overall an inescutcheon gules, three lions passant guardant or a bordure Argent (Holland, Earl of Kent)
The title of Earl of Ulster has been created six times in the Peerage of Ireland and twice in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since 1928, the title has been held by the Duke of Gloucester and is used as a courtesy title by the Duke's eldest son, currently Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster. The wife of the Earl of Ulster is known as the Countess of Ulster. Ulster, one of the four traditional provinces of Ireland, consists of nine counties: six of these make up Northern Ireland; the remainder are in the Republic of Ireland.
History
King Henry II of England granted three Palatinates or seigniories in Ireland to Norman nobles during the Norman invasion of Ireland, that are considered to be equivalents of either earldoms or lordships by modern historians. Richard de Clare, Count Striguil, a Norman-Welsh knight known as Strongbow, was created Earl of Leinster, and the Anglo-Norman Sir Hugh de Lacy was created Earl of Meath. In 1181, Sir John de Courcy was created Earl of Ulster by patent from King Henry II. De Courcy was later also created Lord of Connaught and quickly became a rival of the De Lacys.[3] No record of his enrollment exists, but de Courcy enjoyed the grant of Ulster as an earldom, according to 19th-century analysis of deeds de Courcy executed that survived in patent rolls (the earliest of which dates to 1201).[4]
Though Ulster covers one-sixth of Ireland, making it among the largest land grants in Ireland, De Courcy began aggressively seizing more land in Ireland without permission, drawing the ire of King John of England. Hugh de Lacy the younger, son of the Earl of Meath, accused de Courcy of neglecting to pay homage to King John. The king sent a letter to the feudal barons of Ulster — allies of de Courcy – informing them that if they did not convince their lord to pay proper homage, all their land would be seized.[4] According to the Four Masters, in 1203, Hugh de Lacy the younger, along with a contingent of English soldiers from Meath, marched on Ulaid and expelled de Courcy. A bloody battle between the two sides ensued at a place called Dundaleathglass (possibly Down), but de Courcy escaped following the defeat. In 1204, the de Lacy forces drove de Courcy, "the plunderer of churches and territories," into Tyrone, where he sought protection from the Clan Owen, but the English of Ulaid chased him as far as Carrickfergus, Antrim. On Good Friday 1204, de Courcy was praying at the Church of Downpatrick (from which he had expelled, in 1177, the Augustinian monks settled there by St Malachy in 1124, replacing them with Benedictine monks). According to the account of his capture, the unarmed de Courcy managed to take a weapon from de Lacy's men and killed 13 of the men before he was finally subdued and sent to England where he was imprisoned in the Tower of London.[5][6] Though he eventually returned to royal favour, de Courcy never returned to Ireland.
De Courcy's lands and title were forfeited, and de Lacy was created the Earl of Ulster with the transfer of de Courcy's rights. The creation specifically granted Hugh de Lacy the right to everything John de Courcy possessed on the day of the battle, with the exception of the churches, which remained with the Crown:[4]
"The King to Meyler Fitz Henry, &c. and the Barons of Ireland, &c.
Know ye, that we have given and granted to Hugh de Lascy, for his homage and service, the land of Ulster, with the appurtenances, to have and to hold as John de Curcy held the same the day on which the same Hugh overcame him in the field, or on the day preceding: SAVING however to us the crosses of the same land. And know ye, that we do retain with us the aforesaid Hugh, and are leading him with us in our service; and therefore to you we command that his land and all his you preserve, maintain and defend as our demesne. Witness myself, at Windsor, the 2nd day of May." — Rotuli Litterarum Patentium in Turri Londinensi asservati 6 John[4]
An additional grant the following year confirmed granted to him the "whole land of Ulster" et hæredibus suis (with remainder to his heirs). He died in 1243, leaving only one legitimate daughter, Lady Maud de Lacy. Upon her marriage to Walter de Burgh, Lord of Connaught in 1264, de Burgh was created Earl of Ulster in right of his wife.[3][7][8][9]
The title of Earl of Ulster has subsequently been recreated six times for members of the Royal Family. The current incarnation of the title dates to 31 March 1928, when Prince Henry, the third son of King George V and Queen Mary, was simultaneously created Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[7]
Alexander Windsor (born 1974), Prince Richard's only son, is the heir-apparent to the dukedom, and as such uses "Earl of Ulster" as a courtesy title. Alexander is married to Dr Claire Booth, known as "Countess of Ulster". They have two children: Xan Windsor, Lord Culloden (born 2007) and Lady Cosima Windsor (born 2010).[11][12]
Prince Frederick Louis 1707–1751 Prince of Wales, 1st Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon, styled Duke of Gloucester until created Duke of Edinburgh, 1726
Prince George William Frederick 1738–1820 Duke of Edinburgh, Marquess of the Isle of Ely, and Earl of Eltham, Viscount Launceston, and Baron Snowdon Later King George III
Dukedom of Edinburgh (1st creation), Marquessate of the Isle of Ely, and Earldom of Eltham (1st creation), Viscountcy Launceston, and Barony Snowdon merged in the Crown, 1760
Dukedom of Gloucester and Edinburgh unused, 1805–1816
^ abcBerry, MRIA, Major R.G. (January 1906). "The Whites of Dufferin and their Connection". Ulster Journal of Archaeology. XII (1). Ulster Archaeological Society: 122. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
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