Prince of Wales (Welsh: Tywysog Cymru, pronounced[təu̯ˈəsoɡˈkəmrɨ]; Latin: Princeps Cambriae/Walliae) is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the English, and later British, throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Gwynedd who, from the late 12th century, used it (albeit inconsistently) to assert their supremacy over the other Welsh rulers. However, to mark the finalisation of his conquest of Wales, in 1301, Edward I of England invested his son Edward of Caernarfon with the title, thereby beginning the tradition of giving the title to the heir apparent when he was the monarch's son or grandson. The title was later claimed by the leader of a Welsh rebellion, Owain Glyndŵr, from 1400 until 1415.
King Charles III, created his son William Prince of Wales on 9 September 2022 the day after his accession to the throne, with formal letters patent issued on 13 February 2023. The title has become a point of controversy in Wales.
Welsh princes of Wales
Origins to 1283
The first known use of the title "Prince of Wales"[note 1] was in the 1160s by Owain Gwynedd, ruler of Kingdom of Gwynedd, in a letter to Louis VII of France.[2] In the 12th century, Wales was a patchwork of Anglo-Norman Lordships and native Welsh principalities – notably Deheubarth, Powys and Gwynedd – competing among themselves for hegemony.[3] Owain's aim in using the title in his letter to Louis was probably to claim pre-eminence over the other native Welsh rulers.[4] Following Owain's death in 1170 no other ruler, with the exception of Rhys ap Gruffydd of Deheubarth, is known to have adopted the title until 1245.[5] Rhys used several titles, sometimes concurrently, and in two charters from the 1180s he is referred to as "Prince of Wales" or "Prince of the Welsh".[6][7]
The title was revived in 1245 when Dafydd ap Llywelyn, ruler of Gwynedd, began using it in the final months of his reign. In the intervening years, Owen Gwynedd's successors in Gwynedd, including Dafydd, had, instead, adopted the titles "Prince of North Wales" or "Prince of Aberffraw and Lord of Snowdon".[8]
However, it is in the reign of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Dafydd's nephew and successor in Gwynedd, that the title is consistently used over an extended period. From 1262[note 2] to his death in 1282, Llywelyn used no other style except 'Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdon'.[10] This was accompanied by Llywelyn making the Principality of Wales (encompassing Gwynedd, Deheubarth, Powys and parts of the Marches) a political reality.[11][12] He had achieved this by significantly expanding his directly ruled territories into Mid- and South Wales and inducing all the other remaining native Welsh rulers to do him homage and acknowledge him as overlord by 1263.[13] Additionally, Llywelyn developed governance structures which made his authority effective across the entire Principality of Wales, including in the territories of the Welsh rulers that owed him allegiance.[14] The significance of these developments was marked by Henry III of England recognising Llywelyn's title and authority in the Treaty of Montgomery of 1267.[13] As J. Beverley Smith has noted, his title "at once, acknowledged and proclaimed a status unique in Welsh political history".[15]
Llywelyn's principality was destroyed as a result of the conquest of Wales by Edward I between 1277 and 1283, during which Llewylyn was killed in 1282.[16] After his death, his brother, Dafydd, adopted Llywelyn's title and continued resistance for a few months.[17] However, Dafydd was defeated and executed in 1283 and the principality was permanently annexed by Edward I.[16]
Post-conquest claimants
In the fourteenth century, two pretenders to the title of 'Prince of Wales' attempted to make good their claims: Owain Lawgoch, a descendant of the Princes of Gwynedd, and Owain Glyndŵr, whose ancestors included the former rulers of Powys and Deheubarth.[note 3] Owain Lawgoch's abortive attempt at invading Wales in 1372 was followed by Glyndŵr's much more serious revolt beginning in 1400.[19]
Glyndŵr's rebellion commenced with his supporters proclaiming him Prince of Wales.[20] However, it is unclear how important this was in his initial objectives, given that his immediate motivation appears to have been a personal grievance with a neighbouring English Lord.[21][22] By 1401, he had effectively dropped his claim to the title. But, with the rebellion's military successes of 1402–1403 and the growth in his support in Wales, he became more ambitious. In 1404, he had himself crowned as Prince of Wales, and he launched plans to create the state institutions of a new principality. This phase of the revolt was short-lived, however. By 1406, the rebellion began to fail militarily, and, from 1409, Glyndŵr had to exchange the trappings of a ruling prince for those of a hunted outlaw. He died in obscurity, probably around 1415.[23]
Depiction of the "Honours of the Principality of Wales" created in 1911 for the investiture of Edward (later Edward VIII).
The title is neither automatic nor heritable; it merges with the Crown when its holder eventually accedes to the throne, or reverts to the Crown if its holder predeceases the current monarch, leaving the sovereign free to grant it to the new heir apparent (such as the late prince's son or brother).[24]
The Prince of Wales usually has other titles and honours, if the eldest son of the monarch:
Since 1301, the title 'Earl of Chester' has generally been granted to each heir apparent to the English throne, and from the late 14th century it has been given only in conjunction with that of 'Prince of Wales'. Both titles are bestowed to each individual by the sovereign and are not automatically acquired.[25]
Typically the prince is also Duke of Cornwall. Unlike the title Prince of Wales, this inherently includes lands and constitutional and operational responsibilities. The duchy of Cornwall was created in 1337 by Edward III for his son and heir, Edward of Woodstock (also known as 'The Black Prince'). A charter was also created which ruled that the eldest son of the king would be the Duke of Cornwall.[26]
No formal public role or responsibility has been legislated by Parliament or otherwise delegated to the prince of Wales by law or custom. In that role, Charles often assisted Elizabeth II in the performance of her duties. He represented her when welcoming dignitaries to London and during state visits. He also represented the Queen and the United Kingdom overseas at state and ceremonial occasions such as funerals.[27] The Prince of Wales has also been granted the authority to issue royal warrants.[28]
In 2011, along with the other Commonwealth realms, the United Kingdom committed to the Perth Agreement, which proposed changes to the laws governing succession, including altering the male-preference primogeniture to absolute primogeniture.[29] The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 was introduced to the British parliament on 12 December 2012, published the next day, and received royal assent on 25 April 2013.[30] It was brought into force on 26 March 2015,[31] at the same time as the other realms implemented the Perth Agreement in their own laws.[32]
Arms of English heir apparent, Edward the Black Prince
The Prince of Wales's feathers are the badge of the Prince of Wales by virtue of being the heir apparent.[33] The ostrich feathers are generally traced back to Edward of Woodstock ('The Black Prince'). He bore (as an alternative to his differencedroyal arms) a shield of Sable, three ostrich feathers argent, described as his "shield for peace", probably meaning the shield he used for jousting. These arms appear several times on his chest tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, alternating with his paternal royal arms (the royal arms of King Edward III differenced by a label of three points argent).[34] The Black Prince also used heraldic badges of one or more ostrich feathers in various other contexts.[35]
Selected events and anomalies
This article appears to be slanted towards recent events. Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and add more content related to non-recent events.(October 2023)
First English Prince of Wales
Edward I of England creating his son as "Prince of Wales" at the Lincoln parliament, England (14th century depiction)
In order to finalise his conquest of Wales, Edward I began the custom of granting the title of Prince of Wales to the heir apparent to the English throne.[36] Consequently, in 1301, Edward invested his Welsh-born eldest son, Edward of Caernarfon, as the first Plantagenet Prince of Wales.[37]
Writing in Britannia, William Camden describes the killing of Llywelyn and Edward's use of the title "Prince of Wales" for his son:[38]
As concerning the Princes of Wales of British bloud in ancient times, you may reade in the Historie of Wales published in print. For my part I thinke it requisite and pertinent to my intended purpose to set downe summarily those of latter daies, descended from the roiall line of England. King Edward the First, unto whom his father King Henrie the Third had granted the Principalitie of Wales, when hee had obtained the Crowne and Lhewellin Ap Gryffith, the last Prince of the British race, was slain, and therby the sinewes as it were of the principalitie were cut, in the twelft yeere of his reigne united the same unto the Kingdome of England. And the whole province sware fealty and alleageance unto Edward of Caernarvon his sonne, whom hee made Prince of Wales. But King Edward the Second conferred not upon his sonne Edward the title of Prince of Wales, but onely the name of Earle of Chester and of Flint, so farre as ever I could learne out of the Records, and by that title summoned him to Parliament, being then nine yeres old. King Edward the Third first created his eldest sonne Edward surnamed the Blacke Prince, the Mirour of Chivalrie (being then Duke of Cornwall and Earle of Chester), Prince of Wales by solemne investure, with a cap of estate and Coronet set on his head, a gold ring put upon his finger, and a silver vierge delivered into his hand, with the assent of Parliament.[39]
— William Camden, Britannia (1607)
Brothers
In 1504, Henry Tudor (the future Henry VIII) was given the title after the death of his older brother Arthur (in 1502), who predeceased his father, King Henry VII.[25]
The same occurred in 1616, when Henry Frederick Stuart predeceased (in 1612) his father James I; Henry's brother Charles Stuart, later Charles I, was given the title.[25]
Edward (then the heir apparent; later King Edward VIII) was invested as Prince of Wales at Caernarfon Castle in July 1911. This was the first such public investiture for centuries. He had been created Prince of Wales in June 1910.
On arrival, Edward addressed the crowd briefly, and somewhat poetically, in Welsh: "Môr o gân yw Cymru i gyd." The king presented Edward with the insignia of his office. After the ceremony the royal party rejoined the royal yacht. It was said that the ceremonial was partly "invented tradition".
Two investiture protesters hold placards with "CARLO", and one protester holds a poster with the word "BRAD" ("Betrayal"), Caernarfon Castle 1969
People at the investiture
Although the investiture of Charles as Prince of Wales in 1969 took place during a period of social change and a growing Welsh nationalist movement, it was largely welcomed by people in Wales.[40] The investiture was also attended, by invitation, by 3,500 people who lived and worked in Wales.[41] In the UK, the press focused on the pomp and regalia, with newspaper headlines such as "Welsh go wild for Their Royal Prince" and "Proud Wales takes Prince to her heart."[42] It was also supported by the Secretary of State for Wales at the time, George Thomas, although he remained a controversial figure in Wales.[43] Thomas later said to Prime Minister Harold Wilson that Charles's speech had "boosted Welsh nationalism."[42]
The 1960s movement surrounding the investiture has historically been described as the "anti-investiture movement"[44]: 207 [45][46] and "anti-investiture sentiment".[47] The investiture occurred during a period of revival of the Welsh national consciousness, with an outspoken section considering him as an English Prince being imposed upon Wales.[48] The investiture also led to significant protests in Wales. The group "Cofia 1282" ("Remember 1282") also held protests against the investiture.[49]
William as Prince of Wales
On 9 September 2022 (the day after his accession to the throne), during his first address as king, Charles III said of his son William, "Today I am proud to create him Prince of Wales, Tywysog Cymru. The country whose title I've been so greatly privileged to bear during so much of my life of duty."[50] Buckingham Palace stated that "The Prince and Princess [of Wales] look forward to celebrating Wales's proud history and traditions as well as a future that is full of promise".[51] The First Minister of Wales, Mark Drakeford, noted that "William will be absolutely aware of the sensitivities that surround the title..."[50]
Though the title started to be used immediately afterward, it was only documented formally by letters patent on 13 February 2023.[52][53]
Contemporary debate
Title
Charles III proclaimed William as Prince of Wales on 9 September 2022, the day after the death of Elizabeth II, surprising Mark Drakeford, First Minister of Wales, who said he had not been given notice of the announcement. The creation of a new Prince of Wales was the catalyst for a renewed debate on the title, and already, on 8 September, a petition had been started calling for the title to be ended. The petition had garnered 25,000 signatures in its first few days.[54]
Former Welsh Assembly presiding officer, Lord Elis-Thomas, had also questioned the need for the title to continue, and recalled previous discussion with the then Prince Charles, who expressed his desire never again to have an investiture in Caernarfon Castle. According to Elis-Thomas, Charles laughed and said, "Do you think I want to put William through what I went through?".[55]
The decision to grant William the title of Prince of Wales was criticised by the Welsh nationalist party Plaid Cymru: Senedd member Cefin Campbell called the decision "divisive" and party leader Adam Price called for a public debate on the issue.[56]
The question raised by critics was one of respect for Wales as a country in its own right, and the continued symbol of the historical invasion and oppression of Wales. William pledged that he would serve Wales with humility and great respect for its people, and spoke of the honour he felt to do so. He signalled a desire to reform the role.[57]
The contemporary debate does not focus wholly on abolition, but explores how, if the title is to continue, it may be adapted to reflect the realities of the changing constitutional relationship with Wales. This includes the question of whether the Welsh Government should play a greater role in the appointment process, or whether there should be a Senedd ceremonial process to reflect the nation's governance over its own affairs.[54]
Opinion polls
A BBC Wales poll in 1999 showed that 73% of Welsh speakers believed the title should continue after Charles.[58] A BBC poll in 2009, 40 years following the investiture, revealed 58% of Welsh people support the title "Prince of Wales"; 26% opposed the title. However, only 16% responded that Wales had benefited from having a prince.[59][60]
In July 2018, an ITV poll found that 57% of Welsh people supported the title passing to William, with 22% for abolition or vacating the title. Support for another investiture was lower, with 31% supporting a ceremony similar to the 1969 one, 18% supporting a ceremony different to 1969, and 27% opposing an investiture.[61]
In 2019, a BBC Wales poll showed that 50% supported the continuation of the title and 22% opposed. On the investiture, 41% supported a similar ceremony to 1969, 20% a different-style investiture ceremony, and 30% opposed any future investiture.[62][63] A 2021 poll by Beaufort Research for Western Mail showed 61% of respondents in Wales supported another investiture, including 60% of Welsh-speakers polled.[64]
In June 2022, an ITV/YouGov poll showed that 46% of adults in Wales wanted the Prince of Wales title to continue, and 31% said it should be abolished.[65] In September 2022, a YouGov poll showed 66% support for Prince William to be given the title compared to 22% opposed, with 19% supporting a 1969-style investiture, 30% a different style of investiture and 34% opposing any investiture of Prince William as Prince of Wales.[66]
List of princes of Wales (English or British heirs apparent)
The current sovereign Charles III was the longest serving Prince of Wales for 64 years and 44 days between 1958 and 2022, and the oldest person to hold the position. He was also heir apparent for longer than any other in British history.[79] Upon the death of his mother on 8 September 2022, Charles became king and the title merged with the Crown.[80] The following day, King Charles III bestowed the title upon his elder son, Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge.[81][52] Prince William is the oldest person to be created Prince of Wales.
Edward of Westminster (1453–1471) Prince of Wales (1454–1471) Duke of Cornwall (1454–1471)
From the 1469 Act of Scottish Parliament, the Earldom of Carrick and the Dukedom of Rothesay was to be automatically held by the "first-born Prince of the King of Scots."
James (1473–1513) Duke of Rothesay (1473–1488) later King James IV of Scots
^The term used was, in Latin, Princeps Walliarum ("Prince of the Waleses"). However, the form of address in letters Owain received from Thomas Becket and Pope Alexander III suggests that by 1169 he was also using the titles Princeps Wallie ("Prince of Wales") and Wallensium Princeps ("Prince of the Welsh").[1]
^From his accession in 1246 until 1262, Llywelyn appears to have avoided using any title.[9] Instead, he adopted a style in formal documents that only referenced his descent from Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. However, he briefly changed this approach in 1258 when, in an agreement between the Scottish and Welsh Lords, he used the title 'Prince of Wales' for the first time.[8]
^Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. LCCN09023803 – via Internet Archive. the Prince of Wales is the only one who rejoices in the possession of officially assigned badges. The badge of the eldest son of the Sovereign, as such, and not as Prince of Wales, is the plume of three ostrich feathers, enfiled with the circlet from his coronet. Recently an additional badge (on a mount vert, a dragon passant gules, charged on the shoulder with a label of three points argent) has been assigned to His Royal Highness. This action was taken with the desire to in some way gratify the forcibly expressed wishes of Wales, and it is probable that, the precedent having been set, it will be assigned to all those who may bear the title of Prince of Wales in future.
Kastil Prudnik Kadipaten Prudnik (Jerman: Herzogtum Prudnikcode: de is deprecated , Ceska: Prudnícké knížectvícode: cs is deprecated ) merupakan salah satu dari sejumlah kadipaten Silesia. Ibu kota dari kadipaten ini adalah Prudnik di Dataran tinggi Silesia. Daftar adipati Mikołaj II opawski (1318–1337) Bolesław Pierworodny (1337–1361) Mikołaj II opawski (1361–1365) Bolesław II niemodliński, Wacław niemodliński i Henryk I niemodliński (1365–1367) Bolesław II niemodlińsk...
Contoh tabel mortalitas populasi Amerika Serikat. Dalam ilmu aktuaria dan demografi, tabel mortalitas atau tabel mortalita adalah sebuah tabel yang menunjukkan peluang meninggalnya anggota populasi dalam setiap kelompok umur. Tabel ini biasanya digunakan oleh aktuaris untuk menghitung premi yang tepat. Referensi Shepard, Jon; Robert W. Greene (2003). Sociology and You. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw–Hill. hlm. A–22. ISBN 0-07-828576-3. Life Expectancies. Office of the State Actuary....
SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft EndeavourEndeavour at Cape Canaveral in April 2020.TypeSpace capsuleClassDragon 2EponymSpace Shuttle EndeavourSerial no.C206OwnerSpaceXManufacturerSpaceXSpecificationsDimensions4.4 m × 3.7 m (14 ft × 12 ft)PowerSolar panelRocketFalcon 9 Block 5HistoryLocationInternational Space StationFirst flight30 May – 2 August 2020SpaceX Demo-2Last flight4 March 2024 - PresentSpaceX Crew-8Flights5Flight timeCurrently in orbitDragon 2s←&...
Piala Dunia Basket FIBA 20192019年FIBA篮球世界杯2019 Nián FIBA lánqiú shìjièbēiRincian turnamenTuan rumahChinaTanggal31 Agustus – 15 SeptemberJumlah tim32 (dari 4 konfederasii)Tempat8 (di 8 kota)Posisi akhirJuara Spanyol (gelar ke-2)Juara kedua ArgentinaJuara ketiga PrancisJuara keempat AustraliaStatistik turnamenJumlah pertandingan92MVP Ricky RubioPencetak skor terbanyak Ra Gun-ah (23.0 poin per pertandingan) Bogdan Bogdanović(183 j...
العلاقات الكورية الجنوبية الليسوتوية كوريا الجنوبية ليسوتو كوريا الجنوبية ليسوتو تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الكورية الجنوبية الليسوتوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين كوريا الجنوبية وليسوتو.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه م�...
Berkas:NorthAmericanAviation.png North American Aviation adalah sebuah produsen kedirgantaraan utama AS, bertanggung jawab untuk sejumlah pesawat bersejarah, termasuk pelatih T-6 Texan, pesawat tempur P-51 Mustang, pesawat bomber B-25 Mitchell, jet tempur F-86 Sabre, pesawat roket X -15, dan XB-70, serta Apollo Command and Service Module, tahap kedua dari roket Saturn V, pengorbit Space Shuttle dan B-1 Lancer. Melalui serangkaian merger dan penjualan, North American Aviation menjadi bagian da...
1966 studio album by Jo StaffordDo I Hear a Waltz?Studio album by Jo StaffordReleased1966GenreTraditional popLabelDot RecordsJo Stafford chronology This Is Jo Stafford(1966) Do I Hear a Waltz?(1966) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic[1] Do I Hear a Waltz? is a studio album by Jo Stafford and Paul Weston on Dot Records released in 1966.[2] Track listing Do I Hear a Waltz? Down in the Valley Three-Four, Open the Door The King of Paris Beautiful Ohio To...
Film directed by Lucio Fulci Sodoma's GhostPromo art for Sodoma's GhostDirected byLucio FulciScreenplay by Lucio Fulci Carlo Alberto Alfieri[1] Story by Lucio Fulci Carlo Alberto Alfieri[1] Produced by Lugi Nannerini Antononio Lucidi[2] Starring Claudio Aliotti Maria Concetta Salieri Robert Egon Al Cliver CinematographySilvano Tessicini[1]Edited byVincenzo Tomassi[1]Music byCarlo Maria Cordio[1]ProductioncompanyCine Duck[2]Running time84...
Kerbau rawa Kerbau rawa adalah salah satu jenis kerbau asli dari Asia Tenggara. Habitat aslinya di Thailand dan menyebar ke Tiongkok, Filipina, dan beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Ciri fisiknya adalah pendek, bulat dengan tanduk yang lengkung dan melebar. Kerbau rawa hidup di lumpur, rawa dan air yang menggenang. Masa reproduksinya adalah 2,5 tahun untuk dua kali melahirkan. Daging kerbau rawa merupakan salah satu komoditas peternakan. Habitat Kerbau rawa berasal dari wilayah Asia Tenggara. ...
Tourist attractions in Pahang, Malaysia Berjaya Hills Resort Cameron Highlands Genting Highlands National Park This is the list of tourist attractions in Pahang, Malaysia.[1] Memorials Gohtong Memorial Park Museums Time Tunnel Nature Bera Lake Berkelah Falls Cameron Highlands Cherating Cempedak Bay Chini Lake Endau-Rompin National Park Mount Benom Mount Benum Mount Irau Mount Nuang Mount Tahan National Park Tioman Island Raub Lake Park Fraser's Hill Religious places Buddhist temple Sa...
Class of natural products Erythromycin. The macrolide ring is the lactone (cyclic ester) at upper left. Clarithromycin Roxithromycin Macrolides are a class of mostly natural products with a large macrocyclic lactone ring to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. The lactone rings are usually 14-, 15-, or 16-membered. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Some macrolides have antibiotic or antifungal activity and are used as ...
此條目需要补充更多来源。 (2021年7月4日)请协助補充多方面可靠来源以改善这篇条目，无法查证的内容可能會因為异议提出而被移除。致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：美国众议院 — 网页、新闻、书籍、学术、图像），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（判定指引）。 美國眾議院 United States House of Representatives第118届美国国会众议院徽章 众议院旗...
Peta lokasi Munisipalitas Sorø Munisipalitas Sorø adalah munisipalitas (Denmark: kommune) di Region Sjælland di Denmark. Munisipalitas Sorø memiliki luas sebesar 317 km² dan memiliki populasi sebesar 29.180 jiwa. Referensi Municipal statistics: NetBorger Kommunefakta Diarsipkan 2007-08-12 di Wayback Machine., delivered from KMD aka Kommunedata (Municipal Data) Municipal merges and neighbors: Eniro new municipalities map Diarsipkan 2007-10-11 di Wayback Machine. lbsPemukiman di Denma...
Landform in Arizona For the range in extreme southwest New Mexico, see Peloncillo Mountains (Hidalgo County). Peloncillo MountainsLittle BaldyView of the Peloncillos and the entrance of Skeleton Canyon, facing east.Highest pointPeakMidway Peak (Arizona)Elevation5,551 ft (1,692 m)Coordinates32°24′11″N 109°08′42″W / 32.40313°N 109.14506°W / 32.40313; -109.14506DimensionsLength35 mi (56 km)Width10 mi (16 km)GeographyPeloncill...
Spiral galaxy located in Hercules This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (April 2024) IC 1185IC 1185 captured by Sloan Digital Sky SurveyObservation dataConstellationHerculesRight ascension241.43 degreesDeclination17.17 degreesRedshift0.034764Heliocentric radial velocity10,440 km/sDistance424.5 Mly (130.2 Mpc)Group or clusterHercules ClusterApparent magnitude (V)14.89Su...
Belief(s) accepted by members of a group without question This article is about established beliefs, doctrines or sets of theological or philosophical tenets. For other uses, see Dogma (disambiguation). Dogma, in its broadest sense, is any belief held unquestioningly and with undefended certainty. It may be in the form of an official system of principles or doctrines of a religion, such as Judaism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism,[1] or Islam, as well as the positions of a philosophe...
Participation of British Empire and Commonwealth in World War II Propaganda poster promoting the joint war-effort of the British Empire and Commonwealth, 1939See also: Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II and Diplomatic history of World War IIvteBritish Commonwealth & Empire Campaigns of World War IICampaigns fought exclusively or largely by the armed forces of the UK, the Dominions, India and/or crown colonies Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of No...
Community in Dubai This article is about the municipality. For other uses, see Jebel Ali (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Jebel Ali – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Community in Dubai, United Arab EmiratesJe...
.png)
.svg)
4.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
.jpg)
