Comparative case

The comparative case (abbreviated COMP) is a grammatical case which marks a nominal to indicate comparison with another entity through the designation of a case marker. It is not to be confused with the semblative case, a discrete grammatical case which expresses the similarity of one entity to another. The comparative case is distinct from comparative degree in that the comparative case involves morphemes appearing on nouns, while in comparative degree morphemes appear on adjectives or adverbs.

Examples

An example of a comparative case which designates similarity to something is found in Mari, where the comparative case is the suffix -la (-ла) as in (1):[1]

(1)

колла

kol-la

fish-COMP

колла

kol-la

fish-COMP

'like fish'

Mari also uses the comparative case in regards to languages, when denoting the language a person is speaking, writing, or hearing. Then, however, the accentuation varies slightly from the standard case. Usually, the suffix is not stressed. When it is used with languages, however, it is stressed.[clarification needed]

An example of the comparative case marking the noun serving as the standard of comparison comes from the Chechen suffix -l.[2] For example, in (2) it appears on sha 'ice' in shal shiila 'cold as ice':

(2)

sha-l

ice-COMP

shiila

cold

sha-l shiila

ice-COMP cold

'as cold as ice'

Similarly, in the Turkic language Sakha (Yakut), the noun serving as the standard of comparison can be marked with the comparative case suffix -TĀGAr as in (3):[3]

(3)

бу

Bu

DEM

ыт

ït

dog

аттааҕар

at-taaɣar

horse-COMP

түргэнник

türgennik

quickly

сүүрэр

süür-er

run-PRES

бу ыт аттааҕар түргэнник сүүрэр

Bu ït at-taaɣar türgennik süür-er

DEM dog horse-COMP quickly run-PRES

'This dog runs faster than a horse'

Nivkh is another language with this comparative case suffix (-yk/-ak), as in (4):

(4)

Tlaņi

reindeer

ķanņ-ak

dog-COMP

eɣ-d

be.fast-PRES

Tlaņi ķanņ-ak eɣ-d

reindeer dog-COMP be.fast-PRES

'A reindeer is faster than a dog'[4]

This latter sense of comparative case is similar to locational comparatives,[5] where a locational case such as the ablative marks the noun in a standard of comparison, found in Turkic languages like (5) from Uzbek:

(5)

ɔt-am

father-POSS.1SG

u

that

ɔdam-dan

man-ABL

yɔš

young

ɔt-am u ɔdam-dan yɔš

father-POSS.1SG that man-ABL young

'My father is younger than that man'

The comparative case can also be found in Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language:[6]

(6)

ʁuli-xur

dog-COMP

bošo

big

ʁuli-xur bošo

dog-COMP big

'Bigger than the dog.'

See also

References

  1. ^ Зорина, З. Г.; Крылова, Г. С.; Якимова, Э. С. (1990). арийский язык для всех, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство.
  2. ^ Dotton, Zura; Doyle, Wagner John (2017). A Grammar of Chechen (PDF). Duke University.
  3. ^ Krueger 1962, p. 89.
  4. ^ Gruzdeva 1998, p. 19.
  5. ^ Stassen 2013.
  6. ^ The Oxford Handbook of Case. 2008. pp. 672–674.

Bibliography

  • Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
  • Gruzdeva, Ekaterina (1998). Nivkh. München: Lincom Europa.
  • Stassen, Leon (2013). "Comparative Constructions". In Dryer, Matthew; Haspelmath, Martin (eds.). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
  • Зорина, З. Г., Г. С. Крылова, and Э. С. Якимова. Марийский язык для всех, ч. 1. Йошкар-Ола: Марийское книжное издательство, 1990;
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