Chordeumatida

Chordeumatida
Two unidentified species from New Zealand
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Diplopoda
Subterclass: Eugnatha
Superorder: Nematophora
Order: Chordeumatida
Pocock, 1894
Suborders

Chordeumatidea
Craspedosomatidea
Heterochordeumatidea
Striariidea

Diversity
c. 50 families, 1200 species
Synonyms

Ascospermophora Verhoeff, 1900
Craspedosomatida Jeekel, 1971

Chordeumatida (from the Greek word for "sausage") is a large order of millipedes containing more than 1,400 species.[1] Also known as sausage millipedes,[2] they are found nearly worldwide.[3] Chordeumatida is the largest order in the superorder Nematophora, a group also known as spinning millipedes because their telsons feature spinnerets used to build nests of silk.[4][5] These millipedes produce this silk to create chambers in which to molt or to lay their eggs.[4]

Description

Chordeumatidans take on a wide variety of forms, including some that are cylindrical and others that are flat-backed.[5] Most species have 26 to 32 body segments (including the telson) behind the head, with the number usually fixed within species. These millipedes range in length from 3.5 mm to 42 mm, although most species are 10 mm to 25 mm long. They are usually drab in color, ranging from various shades of brown to unpigmented, but some feature distinct patterns.[3]

Species in this order share a set of features that distinguishes them from other millipedes. A key feature is the presence of six large bristles (setae) on the dorsal surface of each body segment, three on each side. The first segment (collum) is relatively narrow, giving the appearance of a distinct "neck" in many species, and the body tapers towards the rear. A dorsal groove runs down the length of the body, and some species feature paranota, lateral extensions of the exoskeleton. Paranota are also found in some other millipedes, notably Polydesmida, from which Chordeumatidans can be distinguished by having a dorsal groove. Unlike most other helminthomorph (worm-like) millipedes, chordeumatidans lack ozopores.[3][6]

Most chordeumatidan species have 30 body segments (including the telson) as adults, and adult females in these species have 50 leg pairs.[4][3] In adult males in this order, two leg pairs (pair 8 and pair 9) are modified into gonopods, leaving 48 pairs of walking legs in the typical adult male chordeumatidan.[5][4][7] Many species in this order, however, deviate from this typical body plan.

Many chordeumatidan species deviate from the usual 30 segments: A few species have 26 segments as adults (e.g., Chamaesoma broelemanni and Opisthocheiron canayerensis), many species have 28 (e.g., Lipseuma josianae[8] and Haasea hungarica), one genus features 29 (Tianella, in which most species have 29[9]), one genus features 31 (Metamastigophorophyllon),[10] and many species have 32 (e.g., Altajosoma kemerovo[11]).[4] Some species also deviate by featuring sexual dimorphism in segment number, specifically, adult males with two segments fewer than adult females, for example, in the family Buotidae (males with 26, females with 28),[12] in Xystrosoma beatense (males with 28, females with the usual 30),[4] and in the family Peterjohnsiidae (males with the usual 30, females with 32).[13]

With these deviations from the usual 30 segments, the number of leg pairs in adults changes, usually with two leg pairs added or subtracted for each segment added to or subtracted from the typical number.[3] For example, in Chamaesoma broelemanni, with only 26 segments (four fewer than the typical number), adult females have only 42 leg pairs, and adult males have only 40 pairs of walking legs (excluding two pairs of gonopods).[14][4] Adult females with 32 segments (two more than the typical number) have 54 leg pairs (e.g., in the family Peterjohnsiidae[13]), which is the maximum number fixed by species in the class Diplopoda.[15]

Many species deviate from the expected number of walking legs, however, because they deviate in terms of sex-linked modifications to their legs. For example, many species involve another leg pair in addition to pairs 8 and 9 in the gonopod complex in adult males. In the family Speophilosomatidae, leg pair 7 in adult males is modified as part of the gonopod complex.[16] In many species, the gonopod complex instead includes leg pair 10 in addition to pairs 8 and 9 (e.g., Branneria carinata,[17] Neocambrisoma raveni,[13] Golovatchia magda, and Hoffmaneuma exiguum[18]). The family Chordeumatidae exhibits the most extensive modifications, including five leg pairs (pairs 7 through 11) in the gonopod complex.[5][4] Some species also deviate from the usual body plan by reducing or eliminating leg pairs in the adult female. In the family Chordeumatidae, for example, adult females feature a legless sternite (the "platosternite") where a third pair of legs would otherwise be.[5][4][3] In other species (e.g., the genus Kashmireuma and the species Vieteuma longi), adult females instead exhibit modifications to the second pair of legs, which are reduced to small nubbins.[19]

Development

Millipedes in this order grow and develop through a series of molts, adding segments until they reach a fixed number in the adult stage, which is usually the same for a given sex in a given species, at which point the molting and the addition of segments and legs stop. This mode of development, known as teloanamorphosis, distinguishes this order from most other orders of millipedes. In most other orders, millipedes continue to molt as adults, developing through either euanamorphosis or hemianamorphosis.[4][20]

For the typical species in this order, post-embryonic development takes place in nine stages. The juvenile millipede hatches with 6 segments and only 3 pairs of legs in the first stage, then usually goes through stages with 8, 11, 15, 19, 23, 25, and 28 segments, before emerging as adults in the ninth and final stage with 30 segments. The male usually begins to develop gonopods in the seventh stage. Species that produce adults with fewer or more segments than the usual number, however, deviate from the typical pattern by adding a different number of segments at some stage, reaching maturity in a different stage, or both.[4]

Distribution

Chordeumatidans have a wide distribution, occurring on all continents except Antarctica. These millipedes are found in the tropics of Central America, Southeast Asia, and Oceania, and as far south as Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chiloé Island, Chile. Species in this order are present in Madagascar but absent from sub-Saharan Africa and, aside from southern Chile, are largely absent from South America. They are abundant in cold, rocky, mountainous areas of Europe and central Asia, and range northward to Scandinavia, Siberia, and in North America up into Canada and southwest Alaska.[21]

Classification

Chordeumatida contains approximately 1200 species,[22][23] classified in four suborders and approximately 50 families, although several families contain only one to five genera.[24]

Suborder Chordeumatidea Pocock 1894
Suborder Craspedosomatidea Cook, 1895
Suborder Heterochordeumatidea Shear, 2000
Suborder Striariidea Cook, 1896

References

  1. ^ "Chordeumatida Pocock, 1894 | COL". www.catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 2024-07-04.
  2. ^ Henen, Derek; Brown, Jeff. Millipedes of Ohio (PDF). Ohio Division of Wildlife. pp. 3, 24.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Enghoff, Henrik; Golovatch, Sergei; Short, Megan; Stoev, Pavel; Wesener, Thomas (2015-01-01). "Diplopoda — taxonomic overview". Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2: 363–453. doi:10.1163/9789004188273_017. ISBN 9789004156128.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (1993). "Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 109 (2): 103–234. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  5. ^ a b c d e Blower, J. Gordon (1985). Millipedes : keys and notes for the identification of the species. Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association. London: Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill. ISBN 90-04-07698-0. OCLC 13439686.
  6. ^ "Putative apomorphies of millipede clades" (PDF). Milli-PEET: Millipede Systematics. The Field Museum, Chicago, IL. 26 September 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
  7. ^ "Millipede Body Organization". Milli-PEET: The class Diplopoda. The Field Museum, Chicago. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  8. ^ Golovatch, Sergei I.; Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques; Mauries, Jean-Paul (2006). "Four new Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from caves in China". Zoosystema. 28 (1): 75–92.
  9. ^ Mauriès, Jean-Paul (1988). "Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea)". Revue suisse de zoologie (in French). 95: 3–49. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.79638. ISSN 0035-418X – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  10. ^ Antić, Dragan Ž; Makarov, Slobodan E. (2016-12-22). "The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida)". Zootaxa. 4211 (1): 1–205. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  11. ^ Shear, William A. (1990). "On the Central and East Asian milliped family Diplomaragnidae (Diplopoda, Choredeumatida, Diplomaragnoidea)". American Museum Novitates (2977). hdl:2246/5072.
  12. ^ Shear, William A. (2009-11-16). "Buotidae, a new family for the minute North American milliped Buotus carolinus (Chamberlin) 1940 (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Striarioidea)". Zootaxa. 2290 (1): 41–49. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2290.1.4. ISSN 1175-5334. S2CID 4833397.
  13. ^ a b c Mauries, Jean-Paul (1987). "Craspedosomid Millipedes Discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, New Genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida)". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum. 25 (1): 107–133 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  14. ^ David, Jean-Francois (1989). "Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France)". Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A (in French). 4:11 (3): 639–647. doi:10.5962/p.288286. S2CID 132547501 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  15. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe (2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688.
  16. ^ Shear, William A.; Tsurusaki, Nobuo; Tanabe, Tsutomu (1994). "Japanese chordeumatid millipeds. I. On the genus Speophilosoma Takakuwa (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida, Speophilosomatidae)" (PDF). Myriapodologica. 3 (4): 25–36.
  17. ^ Shear, William A. (2003-07-04). "Branneria bonoculus, n. sp., a second species in the North American milliped family Branneriidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Brannerioidea)". Zootaxa. 233 (1): 1–7. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.233.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334 – via ResearchGate.
  18. ^ Shear, William A. (1992). "Golovatchia, new genus, and Golovatchiidae, from the Far East of the Russian Republic, with a comment on Hoffmaneumatidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatidae)" (PDF). Myriapodologica. 3 (4): 25–36.
  19. ^ Shear, William A. (2002). "Five New Chordeumatidan Millipeds from China: New Species of Vieteuma (Kashmirieumatidae) and Nepalella (Megalotylidae)". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 53 (6): 63–72 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  20. ^ Fusco, Giuseppe (December 2005). "Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods". Evolution & Development. 7 (6): 608–617. doi:10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x. PMID 16336414. S2CID 21401688. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  21. ^ Shelley, R. M. & Golavatch, S. I. (2011). "Atlas of myriapod biogeography. I. Indigenous ordinal and supra-ordinal distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on taxon origins and ages, and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class". Insecta Mundi. 158: 1–134.
  22. ^ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny". Annual Review of Entomology. 52 (1): 401–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210. PMID 17163800.
  23. ^ Brewer, Michael S.; Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2012). "Millipede Taxonomy after 250 Years: Classification and Taxonomic Practices in a Mega-Diverse yet Understudied Arthropod Group". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e37240. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...737240B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037240. PMC 3352885. PMID 22615951.
  24. ^ Shear, W. (2011). "Class Diplopoda de Blainville in Gervais, 1844. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3148: 159–164. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3148.1.32.

Read other articles:

Windows 7

Windows 7Tampilan layar dari Windows 7PembangunMicrosoftKeluarga OSMicrosoft WindowsModel sumberKode sumber tertutupDirilis kemanufakturRTM: 22 Juli 2009[1]Retail: 22 Oktober 2009[1]Rilis terbaru6.1[2] (Build 7601: Service Pack 1)[3] / 22 Oktober 2009; 14 tahun lalu (2009-10-22)[1]Metode updateWindows UpdatePlatformIA-32, x86-64Tipe KernelHybridLisensiMS-EULADidahului olehWindows VistaDigantikan olehWindows 8Situs resmiWindows 7Status dukunganDukun...

 

 

BTR-60

BTR-60PBБТРБронетранспорте Un BTR-60PB de l'armée est-allemande exposé en 2012. Caractéristiques générales Équipage 2 et 12 passagers Longueur 7,22 m Largeur 2,82 m Hauteur 2,06 m Masse au combat 10,1 t Blindage (épaisseur/inclinaison) Blindage 7 à 9 mm Armement Armement principal KPV-T de 14,5 mm (500 coups) Armement secondaire PKT de 7,62 mm (2000 coups) Mobilité Moteur 2 moteurs GAZ-49B à 6 cylindres en ligne Puissance 90 + 90 ch (70 + 70 kW) Suspension 8 roues...

 

 

Eilean Shona

A tidal island in Loch Moidart, Scotland Eilean ShonaScottish Gaelic nameEilean Seòna[1]Pronunciation[ˈelan ˈʃɔːnə] ⓘMeaning of namePossibly from the Norse for 'sea island'LocationEilean ShonaEilean Shona shown within Highland ScotlandOS grid referenceNM645739Coordinates56°47′55″N 5°51′39″W / 56.79859924°N 5.86086945°W / 56.79859924; -5.86086945Physical geographyIsland groupInner HebridesArea525 hectares (1,300 acres)Area rank72...

Ortografi

Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Ortografi – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dike...

 

 

Терновка (Терновский район)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Терновка. СелоТерновка 51°40′34″ с. ш. 41°36′22″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект Федерации Воронежская область Муниципальный район Терновский Сельское поселение Терновское Внутреннее деление р. ц. (станция) Тернов...

 

 

Humpback Rock

Mountain in Virginia, US Not to be confused with Humpback Rocks, off South Georgia. Humpback RocksHighest pointElevation3,080 ft (940 m)[1]Coordinates37°57′39″N 78°54′01″W / 37.96083°N 78.90028°W / 37.96083; -78.90028GeographyLocationAugusta / Nelson counties, Virginia, U.S.Parent rangeBlue Ridge MountainsTopo mapUSGS SherandoGeologyAge of rockPrecambrianMountain typeGraniteClimbingEasiest routeHike Humpback Rocks is a massive greenst...

Jacopo Bellini

Italian painter Virgin of Humility, adored by a prince of the House of Este, 1440. Notice the Pseudo-Kufic mantle hem. Louvre Museum. Jacopo Bellini (c. 1400 – c. 1470) was one of the founders of the Renaissance style of painting in Venice and northern Italy. His sons Gentile and Giovanni Bellini, and his son-in-law Andrea Mantegna, were also famous painters.[1] Few of Bellini's paintings still exist, but his surviving sketch-books (one in the British Museum and one in the Louvre) s...

 

 

Чатемский пингвин

† Чатемский пингвин Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:ЧелюстноротыеНадкласс:ЧетвероногиеКлада:АмниотыКлада:ЗавропсидыКл�...

 

 

The Ultimate Collection (Billy Joel album)

2000 greatest hits album by Billy JoelThe Ultimate CollectionGreatest hits album by Billy JoelReleasedDecember 20, 2000[1]Recorded1973–1993GenreRock, popLength153:09LabelSony/ColumbiaProducerPhil RamoneMichael OmartianBilly JoelMick JonesDanny KortchmarJoe NicoloDavid ThoenerBilly Joel chronology 2000 Years: The Millennium Concert(2000) The Ultimate Collection(2000) Fantasies & Delusions(2001) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2] The Ultimate ...

Österreichisches Jungvolk

Former state youth organization This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Österreichisches Jungvolk – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (S...

 

 

حادثة قاعة الخلد

مجزرة قاعة الخلد الرئيس السوري حافظ الأسد (وسط) مع نائب الرئيس العراقي صدام حسين (يسار) وزير الخارجية الجزائري عبد العزيز بوتفليقة (يمين) ونائب الرئيس السوري عبد الحليم خدام (أقصى اليمين ، نصف مغطى) في قمة بغداد جامعة الدول العربية. المكان قاعة الخلد  البلد العراق البعثي ا...

 

 

Bernardo Bertolucci

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento registi è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Bernardo Bertolucci nel 2011 Oscar al miglior ...

آثار الأبرار وأنوار الأخبار (كتاب)

آثار الأبرار وأنوار الأخبار تعديل مصدري - تعديل   هذه المقالة يتيمة إذ تصل إليها مقالات أخرى قليلة جدًا. فضلًا، ساعد بإضافة وصلة إليها في مقالات متعلقة بها. (أغسطس 2012) كتاب آثار الأبرار وأنوار الأخبار في الأحاديث تأليف السيد الفاضل المحدث الواعظ أبي الخير الداعي بن الرضا ...

 

 

هادية حسني

هادية حسني هادية حسني 2012 معلومات شخصية اسم الولادة Hadia Hosny El Said الميلاد 30 يوليو 1988 (العمر 35 سنة)القاهرة، مصر الطول 1.77 m الإقامة القاهرة  الجنسية  مصر الوزن 67 kg استعمال اليد Right المدرسة الأم جامعة باث  الحياة العملية المهنة لاعب الريشة الطائرة[1]  الرياضة الريشة ا�...

 

 

Lucas Holden

Soap opera character Lucas HoldenHome and Away characterPortrayed byRhys WakefieldDuration2005–2008First appearance5 August 2005 (2005-08-05)Last appearance14 February 2008 (2008-02-14)ClassificationFormer; regularIntroduced byJulie McGauranIn-universe informationOccupation Student at Summer Bay High University student Writer FatherTony HoldenMotherKate HoldenStepmotherRachel ArmstrongBrothersJack HoldenHalf-brothersHarry HoldenAuntsGina Au...

イヴァン4世

「イワン雷帝」はこの項目へ転送されています。その他の用法については「イワン雷帝 (曖昧さ回避)」をご覧ください。 イヴァン4世Иван IV Васильевич モスクワ大公 全ロシアのツァーリ 在位 1533年12月3日 - 1547年1月16日、1547年1月16日 - 1584年3月28日戴冠式 1547年1月16日（ユリウス暦）全名 イヴァン・ヴァシリエヴィチ出生 1530年8月25日 モスクワ大公国モスクワ死去 ...

 

 

Why Not Me (album)

1984 studio album by The JuddsWhy Not MeStudio album by The JuddsReleasedOctober 15, 1984 (1984-10-15)RecordedMay–July 1984StudioCreative WorkshopGenreCountry[1]Length31:54LabelRCA VictorProducerBrent MaherThe Judds chronology Wynonna & Naomi(1984) Why Not Me(1984) Rockin' with the Rhythm(1985) Singles from Why Not Me Why Not MeReleased: September 1984 Girls Night OutReleased: January 1985 Love Is AliveReleased: May 1985 Why Not Me is the debut studio alb...

 

 

Tarhan Tower Airlines

Turkish airlineThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Tarhan Tower Airlines – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tarhan Tower Airlines IATA ICAO Callsign – TTH – Founded2006Ceased operationsDecember 2007HubsAtatürk International A...

Wende und friedliche Revolution in der DDR

Montagsdemonstration in Leipzig am 23. Oktober 1989 Als Wende oder friedliche Revolution in der DDR (auch Wendezeit oder Zusammenbruch der DDR) wird der Prozess gesellschaftspolitischen Wandels bezeichnet, der 1989 in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik die Herrschaft der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands beendete, den Übergang zu einem parlamentarischen Regierungssystem nach westdeutschem Vorbild begleitete und die deutsche Wiedervereinigung am 3. Oktober 1990 möglich machte. D...

 

 

Guerra coloniale portoghese

Guerra coloniale portogheseLisbona, monumento ai soldati portoghesi morti nella guerra d'oltremare.Data1961 - 1974 LuogoTerritori degli attuali Angola, Guinea-Bissau e Mozambico Casus bellidecolonizzazione EsitoRitirata finale delle forze portoghesiIndipendenza delle colonie portoghesi Schieramenti PortogalloSupporto da: Sudafrica RhodesiaAngola: MPLA FNLA UNITA FLECGuinea-Bissau: PAIGCMozambico: FRELIMOSupporto da: Unione Sovietica Cina Cuba Jugoslavia Bulg...