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Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

1960–4 (1960–4): RAND networking concepts developed
1962–4 (1962–4): ARPA networking ideas
1965 (1965): NPL network concepts conceived
1966 (1966): Merit Network founded
1967 (1967): ARPANET planning begins
1967 (1967): Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
1969 (1969): NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
1970 (1970): Network Information Center (NIC)
1971 (1971): Tymnet switched-circuit network
1972 (1972): Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
1972 (1972): Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) established
1973 (1973): CYCLADES network demonstrated
1973 (1973): PARC Universal Packet development begins
1974 (1974): Transmission Control Program specification published
1975 (1975): Telenet commercial packet-switched network
1976 (1976): X.25 protocol approved and deployed on public data networks
1978 (1978): Minitel introduced
1979 (1979): Internet Activities Board (IAB)
1980 (1980): USENET news using UUCP
1980 (1980): Ethernet standard introduced
1981 (1981): BITNET established

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

1981 (1981): Computer Science Network (CSNET)
1982 (1982): TCP/IP protocol suite formalized
1982 (1982): Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
1983 (1983): Domain Name System (DNS)
1983 (1983): MILNET split off from ARPANET
1984 (1984): OSI Reference Model released
1985 (1985): First .COM domain name registered
1986 (1986): NSFNET with 56 kbit/s links
1986 (1986): Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
1987 (1987): UUNET founded
1988 (1988): NSFNET upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
1988 (1988): Morris worm
1988 (1988): Complete Internet protocol suite
1989 (1989): Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
1989 (1989): PSINet founded, allows commercial traffic
1989 (1989): Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
1990 (1990): GOSIP (without TCP/IP)
1990 (1990): ARPANET decommissioned
1990 (1990): Advanced Network and Services (ANS)
1990 (1990): UUNET/Alternet allows commercial traffic
1990 (1990): Archie search engine
1991 (1991): Wide area information server (WAIS)
1991 (1991): Gopher
1991 (1991): Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX)
1991 (1991): ANS CO+RE allows commercial traffic
1991 (1991): World Wide Web (WWW)
1992 (1992): NSFNET upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
1992 (1992): Internet Society (ISOC) established
1993 (1993): Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
1993 (1993): InterNIC established
1993 (1993): AOL added USENET access
1993 (1993): Mosaic web browser released
1994 (1994): Full text web search engines
1994 (1994): North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) established

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

1995 (1995): New Internet architecture with commercial ISPs connected at NAPs
1995 (1995): NSFNET decommissioned
1995 (1995): GOSIP updated to allow TCP/IP
1995 (1995): very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
1995 (1995): IPv6 proposed
1996 (1996): AOL changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
1998 (1998): Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1999 (1999): IEEE 802.11b wireless networking
1999 (1999): Internet2/Abilene Network
1999 (1999): vBNS+ allows broader access
2000 (2000): Dot-com bubble bursts
2001 (2001): New top-level domain names activated
2001 (2001): Code Red I, Code Red II, and Nimda worms
2003 (2003): UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

2003 (2003): National LambdaRail founded
2004 (2004): UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
2005 (2005): UN WSIS phase II
2006 (2006): First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
2010 (2010): First internationalized country code top-level domains registered
2012 (2012): ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
2013 (2013): Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
2014 (2014): NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
2016 (2016): ICANN contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, IANA oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st

Examples of Internet services:

1989 (1989): AOL dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1990 (1990): IMDb Internet movie database
1994 (1994): Yahoo! web directory
1995 (1995): Amazon online retailer
1995 (1995): eBay online auction and shopping
1995 (1995): Craigslist classified advertisements
1995 (1995): AltaVista search engine
1996 (1996): Outlook (formerly Hotmail) free web-based e-mail
1996 (1996): RankDex search engine
1997 (1997): Google Search
1997 (1997): Babel Fish automatic translation
1998 (1998): Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1998 (1998): PayPal Internet payment system
1998 (1998): Rotten Tomatoes review aggregator
1999 (1999): 2ch Anonymous textboard
1999 (1999): i-mode mobile internet service
1999 (1999): Napster peer-to-peer file sharing
2000 (2000): Baidu search engine
2001 (2001): 2chan Anonymous imageboard
2001 (2001): BitTorrent peer-to-peer file sharing
2001 (2001): Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2003 (2003): LinkedIn business networking
2003 (2003): Myspace social networking site
2003 (2003): Skype Internet voice calls
2003 (2003): iTunes Store
2003 (2003): 4chan Anonymous imageboard
2003 (2003): The Pirate Bay, torrent file host
2004 (2004): Facebook social networking site
2004 (2004): Podcast media file series
2004 (2004): Flickr image hosting
2005 (2005): YouTube video sharing
2005 (2005): Reddit link voting
2005 (2005): Google Earth virtual globe
2006 (2006): Twitter microblogging
2007 (2007): WikiLeaks anonymous news and information leaks
2007 (2007): Google Street View
2007 (2007): Kindle, e-reader and virtual bookshop
2008 (2008): Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
2008 (2008): Dropbox cloud-based file hosting
2008 (2008): Encyclopedia of Life, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
2008 (2008): Spotify, a DRM-based music streaming service
2009 (2009): Bing search engine
2009 (2009): Google Docs, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
2009 (2009): Kickstarter, a threshold pledge system
2009 (2009): Bitcoin, a digital currency
2010 (2010): Instagram, photo sharing and social networking
2011 (2011): Google+, social networking
2011 (2011): Snapchat, photo sharing
2012 (2012): Coursera, massive open online courses
2016 (2016): TikTok, video sharing and social networking

The Computer Science Network (CSNET) was a computer network that began operation in 1981 in the United States.^[1] Its purpose was to extend networking benefits, for computer science departments at academic and research institutions that could not be directly connected to ARPANET, due to funding or authorization limitations. It played a significant role in spreading awareness of, and access to, national networking and was a major milestone on the path to development of the global Internet. CSNET was funded by the National Science Foundation for an initial three-year period from 1981 to 1984.

History

Lawrence Landweber at the University of Wisconsin–Madison prepared the original CSNET proposal, on behalf of a consortium of universities (Georgia Tech, University of Minnesota, University of New Mexico, University of Oklahoma, Purdue University, University of California, Berkeley, University of Utah, University of Virginia, University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, and Yale University). The US National Science Foundation (NSF) requested a review from David J. Farber at the University of Delaware. Farber assigned the task to his graduate student Dave Crocker who was already active in the development of electronic mail.^[2] The project was deemed interesting but in need of significant refinement. The proposal eventually gained the support of Vinton Cerf and DARPA. In 1980, the NSF awarded $5 million to launch the network. It was an unusually large project for the NSF at the time.^[3] A stipulation for the award of the contract was that the network needed to become self-sufficient by 1986.^[1]

The first management team consisted of Landweber (University of Wisconsin), Farber (University of Delaware), Peter J. Denning (Purdue University), Anthony C. Hearn (RAND Corporation), and Bill Kern from the NSF.^[4] Once CSNET was fully operational, the systems and ongoing network operations were transferred to a team led by Richard Edmiston^[5] at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) of Cambridge, Massachusetts by 1984.^[6]

The Purdue team, consisting of Peter Denning, Douglas Comer, and Paul McNabb, was responsible for designing and building the kernel interfaces that would allow sites outside of the ARPANET infrastructure to connect via public X.25 networks, such as Telenet. The mechanism allowed systems with TCP/IP network stacks to use an X.25 network device, with IP datagrams being sent through dynamically allocated X.25 sessions. Purdue and other sites with ARPANET access would act as gateways into the ARPANET, allowing non-ARPANet sites to have email, telnet, ftp, and other forms of network access directly into the ARPANET.

By 1981, three sites were connected: University of Delaware, Princeton University, and Purdue University. By 1982, 24 sites were connected expanding to 84 sites by 1984, including one in Israel. Soon thereafter, connections were established to computer science departments in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Korea, and Japan. CSNET eventually connected more than 180 institutions.^[7]

One of the earliest experiments in free software distribution on a network, netlib, was available on CSNET.^[8]

CSNET was a forerunner of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet) which eventually became a backbone of the Internet. CSNET operated autonomously until 1989, when it merged with Bitnet to form the Corporation for Research and Educational Networking (CREN). By 1991, the success of the NSFNET and NSF-sponsored regional networks had rendered the CSNET services redundant, and the CSNET network was shut down in October 1991.^[9]

Components

The CSNET project had three primary components: an email relaying service (Delaware and RAND), a name service (Wisconsin), and TCP/IP-over-X.25 tunnelling technology (Purdue). Initial access was with email relaying, through gateways at Delaware and RAND, over dial-up telephone or X.29/X.25 terminal emulation. Eventually CSNET access added TCP/IP, including running over X.25.^[10]

The email relaying service was called Phonenet, after the telephone-specific channel of the MMDF software developed by Crocker. The CSNET name service allowed manual and automated email address lookup based on various user attributes, such as name, title, or institution.^[11] The X.25 tunneling allowed an institution to connect directly to the ARPANET via a commercial X.25 service (Telenet), by which the institution's TCP/IP traffic would be tunneled to a CSNET computer that acted as a relay between the ARPANET and the commercial X.25 networks. CSNET also developed dialup-on-demand (Dialup IP) software to automatically initiate or disconnect SLIP sessions as needed to remote locations.^[12] CSNET was developed on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) VAX-11 systems using BSD Unix, but it grew to support a variety of hardware and operating system platforms.

Recognition

At the July 2009 Internet Engineering Task Force meeting in Stockholm, Sweden, the Internet Society recognized the pioneering contribution of CSNET by honoring it with the Jonathan B. Postel Service Award. Crocker accepted the award on behalf of Landweber and the other principal investigators.^[13] A recording of the award presentation and acceptance is available.^[14]

References

^ ^a ^b "The Internet—From Modest Beginnings". NSF website. Archived from the original on 2016-10-07. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Dave Crocker (August 18, 2008). "Impact of Email Work at The Rand Corporation in the mid-1970s" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Douglas Comer (October 1983). "History and overview of CSNET". Communications. 26 (10): 747–753. doi:10.1145/358413.358423. S2CID 11943330.
^ Peter J. Denning; Anthony Hearn; C. William Kern (April 1983). "History and overview of CSNET". Proceedings of the symposium on Communications Architectures & Protocols - COMM '83 (PDF). Vol. 13. SIGCOMM, Association for Computing Machinery. p. 138. doi:10.1145/1035237.1035267. ISBN 978-0-89791-089-7. S2CID 28021088. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-26. Retrieved 2011-09-30.
^ Partridge, Craig; Blumenthal (March 2006). "Data Networking at BBN". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 28 (1): 63. doi:10.1109/MAHC.2006.7. S2CID 16881178.
^ Rick Adrion (October 5, 1983). "CSNET Transition Plan Bulletin #1". email message. National Science Foundation. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ CSNET History
^ Jack J. Dongarra; Eric Grosse (May 1987). "Distribution of mathematical software via electronic mail". Communications. 30 (5): 403–407. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.73.7679. doi:10.1145/22899.22904. S2CID 52895937.
^ CSNET-CIC Shutdown Notice^{[permanent dead link‍]}
^ Craig Partridge; Leo Lanzillo (Feb 1989). "Implementation of Dial-up IP for UNIX Systems". Proceedings of the 1989 Winter USENIX Technical Conference.
^ Larry Landweber; Michael Litzkow; D. Neuhengen; Marvin Solomon (April 1983). "Architecture of the CSNET name server". Proceedings of the symposium on Communications Architectures & Protocols - COMM '83. Vol. 13. SIGCOMM, Association for Computing Machinery. p. 146. doi:10.1145/1035237.1035268. ISBN 978-0-89791-089-7. S2CID 9006661.
^ "Dialup IP release". BBN Systems and Technologies, Cambridge MA. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ "Trailblazing CSNET Network Receives 2009 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award". News release. Internet Society. July 29, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
^ Lynn St. Amour, Dave Crocker (July 29, 2009). "Postel Award to CSNET". Audio recording. Retrieved September 30, 2011.