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Battle of Rahon
	Part of Mughal-Sikh Wars
	; Painting from an illustrated folio of a Mughal manuscript depicting the Battle of Rahon (1710). From the ‘Tawarikh-i Jahandar Shah’, Awadh or Lucknow, ca.1770. Shamas Khan is depicted being killed by Nar Singh and Pahar Singh
Date	11 October- November 1710
Location	Rahon, in modern district Shaheed Bhagat Singh of Indian Punjab
Result	See outcome
Belligerents
First Sikh State	Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Shamas Khan
Strength
70,000–80,000	100,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Heavy

The Battle of Rahon was fought between Sikhs and Mughal Empire on 11 October 1710.

Background

Banda Singh Bahadur captured almost half of Punjab, east of Lahore and became the ruler of a region in eastern Punjab from river Indus to Satluj.^[5] This encouraged other local Sikhs who resided in districts of Jalandhar Doab, to pick up arms, appoint their own tehsildars and thanedars and considered themselves capable enough to face Shamas Khan, the faujdar of Jalandhar Doab.^[6] They addressed a letter to Shamas Khan demanding his submission and conveyance of all his treasure. Shamas, in an act of subterfuge, assumed a compliant disposition and sent a small consignment of goods hoping to placate the Sikhs, and in the meantime gathered his army and materials and advanced towards Rahon.^[7] Initially elated by Shamas' apparent submission, the Sikhs were disillusioned upon hearing the war preparations against them and decided to move their forces and call for reinforcements.

Battle

The Sikhs arrived at Rahon, hastily built a fortress, and issued threatening orders to the revenue payers and revenue officers for their submission. Shamas Khan and his army reached Rahon, surrounded the fort from all sides to attack the Sikhs, while the Sikhs responded with shelling with cannons. The Sikhs realizing that they were outnumbered, retreated back to the fort of Rahon where they were besieged for several days.^[4]^[8] The Sikhs would attack the imperial forces at night, causing heavy casualties but it did not have much impact as the imperial force was overwhelmingly large, and realizing it as a disadvantage, they changed their strategy to mislead the Imperial Army, and departed surreptitiously in the middle of the night. Shamas Khan stopped the pursuit only after a few miles as he assumed a reinforcement by Banda Singh could arrive. Content with the seizure of the fort of Rahon and some treasure, Shamas Khan assumed the campaign to be a success and subsequently ordered the breaking up of the camp and the demobilization of his troops who were sent to their homes, stationed a garrison at the fort of Rahon, and returned to Sultanpur.^[3]^[4] However, as the Sikhs strategized, they remained hidden around the neighborhood of Rahon, and right after the evacuation, one thousand Sikhs attacked the garrisoned troops stationed in the fortress, routed them out and recaptured the fort.^[4]^[9]^[10]

Outcome

The result of the battle is disputed among historians. According to some accounts, the Sikhs would occupy the fort of Rahon and would subsequently capture the Jalandhar Doaba from the Mughals.^[11]^[4]^[12]^[5] According to Hari Ram Gupta, following the capture of Rahon by the Sikhs, the Mughals would fight a battle with the Sikhs in the garden of Yaqub Khan. The Sikhs were defeated in the garden, forcing their retreat towards the fort of Rahon. After a short siege, Rahon fell in November of 1710, and the Sikh forces were forced to retreat.^[1] After the capture of Rahon, the Mughals under Shamas Khan would advance and capture Sirhind, resulting in the death of 1,000 Sikhs.^[2]^[1] However according to Ganda Singh, the Mughal army, under the command of Shamas Khan, advanced upon Sirhind. Sukha Singh and Sham Singh would fight the Mughals in the garden of Yaqub Khan. The Sikhs were defeated, Sukha Singh was killed, and the Sikhs were forced to retreat towards the fort of Sirhind.^[13] Surjit Singh Gandhi also states that the fight between Sukha Singh and the Mughals occurred within the outskirts of Sirhind.^[14] Sirhind would be recaptured by the Mughals, and the severed heads of the slain Sikhs would be sent to the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah.^[13]

Aftermath

Shortly after the capture of Sirhind, Shamas Khan was dismissed as faujdar of the Jalandhar Doaba by the Mughal authorities. This was largely due to Muhammad Amin Khan's resentment towards Shamas, as Shamas was the one who recaptured Sirhind. Resentful that he was not the one that recaptured the city, Muhammad Amin Khan managed to convince the Mughal authorities in removing Shamas Khan as Faujdar of Jalandhar. He accused Shamas of endangering Mughal authority, and as a result, Shamas was dismissed from his post as faujdar of Jalandhar.^[13]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Gupta, Hari Ram (1978) [1937]. History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) (3rd ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 9788121502481. They stood their ground for some time, eating whatever could be had from the deserted houses. The fort fell in November and the Sikhs were driven away. Shams Khan then advanced upon Sarhind. Baj Singh and Ali Singh were defeated. They fled away to Lohgarh. Shams Khan occupied Sarhind and killed a number of Sikhs.
^ ^a ^b ^c Singh, Surinder (2022). Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 C.1700. Routledge. p. 472. ISBN 9781000609448.
^ ^a ^b Sagoo 2001, p. 192.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Singh, Ganda (1990) [1935]. Life of Banda Singh Bahadur. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. pp. 117–121.
^ ^a ^b Singh, Sohan (2000). Life And Exploits Of Banda Singh Bahadur. Patiala: Prof. Harbans Singh Department of Encyclopedia of Sikhism Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 3. ISBN 81 7380-671-3.
^ Sagoo 2001, p. 175.
^ Sagoo 2001, p. 176.
^ Sagoo 2001, p. 177.
^ Sagoo, Harbans Kaur (2001). Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovreignty. Deep & Deep Publications. pp. 176, 177. ISBN 9788176293006.
^ Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century. p. 39.
^ Sagoo 2001, p. 178.
^ Jacques, Tony (2007). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 836,837. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c Singh, Ganda (1935). Iife of Banda Singh Bahadur Based on Contemporary and Original Records. The Sikh History Research Department, Khalsa College, Amritsar. pp. 133–134.
^ Gandhi, Surjit (1999). Sikhs In The Eighteenth Century their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy (1st ed.). Amritsar: Singh Bros. p. 43. ISBN 81-7205-217-0. The next confrontation with the Sikhs took place on the outskirts of Sirhind. Here, too, the Sikhs who fought under Sukha Singh, the Brother of Baj Singh, were worsted and rushed to take shelter in the fort of Sirhind.