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The Right Honourable
Arthur Greenwood
CH MP
The Right Honourable Arthur Greenwood CH MP
	Greenwood in 1924
Paymaster General
	In office; 9 July 1946 – 5 March 1947
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	Frederick Lindemann
Succeeded by	Hilary Marquand
Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal
	In office; 27 July 1945 – 17 April 1947
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	Max Aitken
Succeeded by	Philip Inman
Minister without Portfolio
	In office; 17 April 1947 – 29 September 1947
Prime Minister	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	A. V. Alexander
Succeeded by	Geoffrey FitzClarence
	In office; 11 May 1940 – 22 February 1942
Prime Minister	Winston Churchill
Preceded by	Maurice Hankey
Succeeded by	William Jowitt
Leader of the Opposition
	In office; February 1942 – 23 May 1945
Prime Minister	Winston Churchill
Preceded by	Frederick Pethick-Lawrence
Succeeded by	Clement Attlee
Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
	In office; 26 November 1935 – 25 May 1945
Leader	Clement Attlee
Preceded by	Clement Attlee
Succeeded by	Herbert Morrison
Minister of Health
	In office; 7 June 1929 – 24 August 1931
Prime Minister	Ramsay MacDonald
Preceded by	Neville Chamberlain
Succeeded by	Neville Chamberlain
Member of Parliament; for Wakefield
	In office; 21 April 1932 – 9 June 1954
Preceded by	George Brown Hillman
Succeeded by	Arthur Creech Jones
Member of Parliament; for Nelson and Colne
	In office; 15 November 1922 – 7 October 1931
Preceded by	Robinson Graham
Succeeded by	Linton Thorp
Personal details
Born	8 February 1880; Hunslet, Leeds, England
Died	9 June 1954 (aged 74); London, England
Political party	Labour
Spouse	Catherine Ainsworth
Children	2, including Tony

Arthur Greenwood CH (8 February 1880 – 9 June 1954) was a British politician. A prominent member of the Labour Party from the 1920s until the late 1940s, Greenwood rose to prominence within the party as secretary of its research department from 1920 and served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health in the short-lived Labour government of 1924. In 1940, he was instrumental in resolving that Britain would continue fighting Nazi Germany in World War II.

Early life

Greenwood was born in Hunslet, Leeds, the son of a painter and decorator. He was educated at the Yorkshire College (which later became the University of Leeds), where he took a BSc.

Political career

Greenwood was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1922 general election for the constituency of Nelson and Colne in Lancashire. He held the seat until being defeated at the 1931 election, but returned to Parliament the following year, winning a by-election in the Yorkshire constituency of Wakefield. Greenwood continued to represent Wakefield until his death in 1954. Greenwood was an active freemason, associated with the New Welcome Lodge.^[1]

In 1929, Greenwood was appointed Minister of Health, remaining in the post until the collapse of the Labour government in August 1931; he was sworn into the Privy Council at the time of his appointment. During his period at the Ministry of Health, Greenwood raised widows' pensions and through the Housing Act 1930 enacted large-scale slum clearance.

Greenwood became Deputy Leader of the Labour Party under Clement Attlee. During the 1935 General Election campaign, Greenwood attacked Chancellor of the Exchequer Neville Chamberlain for spending money on rearmament, saying that the rearmament policy was "the merest scaremongering; disgraceful in a statesman of Mr Chamberlain's responsible position, to suggest that more millions of money needed to be spent on armaments."^[2]

On 2 September 1939, acting for Attlee who was in hospital for prostate surgery, he was called to respond to Neville Chamberlain's ambivalent speech on whether Britain would aid Poland. As he was about to speak, he was interrupted by an angry Conservative backbencher and former First Lord of the Admiralty, Leo Amery, who electrified the chamber when he exclaimed loud and clear: "Speak for England, Arthur!"^[3]

A flustered Greenwood proceeded to denounce Chamberlain's remarks, to the applause of both sides of the House, in a short speech for which he is best remembered.

I am gravely disturbed. An act of aggression took place thirty-eight hours ago. The moment that act of aggression took place one of the most important treaties of modern times automatically came into operation … I wonder how long we are prepared to vacillate at a time when Britain, and all that Britain stands for, and human civilisation are in peril.
— Arthur Greenwood, House of Commons, 2 September 1939, ^[4]

When the wartime coalition government was formed, Winston Churchill appointed him to the War Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio in 1940. He was generally seen as ineffectual, but in May 1940 he emerged as Churchill's strongest and most vocal supporter in the lengthy War Cabinet debates on whether to accept or reject a peace offer from Germany.^[5] Without the vote in favour of fighting on by Greenwood and Clement Attlee, Churchill would not have had the slim majority he needed to do so.^[6]

After that, his influence declined, and he resigned in 1943. The same year, he was elected as Treasurer of the Labour Party, beating Herbert Morrison in a close contest.^[7]

From February 1942 until the end of World War II, Greenwood also performed the function of Leader of the Opposition, though he did not receive the salary.

During the Attlee government, he served successively as Lord Privy Seal and Paymaster General.

Death

Greenwood died on 9 June 1954 at the age of 74, being cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 14 June 1954. His ashes and memorial lie in Bay 17 of the East Boundary Wall.

Family

Greenwood's son Anthony Greenwood (later Lord Greenwood, 1911–1982) was an MP from 1946 until 1970, first for Heywood and Radcliffe and later for Rossendale, and a member of Harold Wilson's governments.

References

^ Labour History Review 2006, pp. 9–42.
^ Dutton 2001, p. 40.
^ Olson 2008.
^ Roberts 2018, p. cxli.
^ Jenkins 2012, p. 601.
^ Marr 2009, p. xvii.
^ The Economist 1943, p. 7.

Sources

Dutton, D. (2001). Neville Chamberlain. Reputations (Arnold (Firm))). Arnold. ISBN 978-0-340-70626-8.
Jenkins, R. (2012). Churchill: A Biography. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-47607-2.
Hamill, John; Prescott, Andrew (1 April 2006). "'The Masons' Candidate': New Welcome Lodge No. 5139 and the Parliamentary Labour Party". Labour History Review. 71 (1): 9–42. doi:10.1179/174581806X103862.
Marr, A. (2009). A History of Modern Britain. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-330-51329-6.
Olson, L. (2008). Troublesome Young Men: The Rebels Who Brought Churchill to Power and Helped Save England. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-53133-1.
Roberts, A. (2018). Churchill: Walking with Destiny. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-241-20564-8.
The Economist. Economist Newspaper Limited. 1943.

External links

Works by Arthur Greenwood at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Arthur Greenwood at the Internet Archive
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Arthur Greenwood
Newspaper clippings about Arthur Greenwood in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
Portraits of Arthur Greenwood at the National Portrait Gallery, London

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Robinson Graham	Member of Parliament for Nelson and Colne 1922–1931	Succeeded by Linton Thorpe
Preceded by George Hillman	Member of Parliament for Wakefield 1932–1954	Succeeded by Arthur Creech Jones
Political offices
Preceded by Neville Chamberlain	Minister of Health 1929–1931	Succeeded by Neville Chamberlain
Preceded by The Lord Hankey	Minister without Portfolio 1940–1942	Succeeded by Sir William Jowitt
Preceded by Frederick Pethick-Lawrence	Leader of the Opposition 1942–1945	Succeeded by Clement Attlee
Preceded by The Lord Beaverbrook	Lord Privy Seal 1945–1947	Succeeded by The Lord Inman
Preceded by Vacant	Paymaster General 1946–1947	Succeeded by Hilary Marquand
Party political offices
Preceded by New position	Secretary of the Research Department of the Labour Party 1927–1941	Succeeded by Morgan Phillips
Preceded by Clement Attlee	Deputy Leader of the Labour Party 1935–1945	Succeeded by Herbert Morrison
Preceded by George Lathan	Treasurer of the Labour Party 1943–1954	Succeeded by Hugh Gaitskell
Preceded by Harry Earnshaw	Chair of the Labour Party 1952–1953	Succeeded by Wilfrid Burke