Allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum

Several allegations of unlawful campaigning in the 2016 EU referendum have been made. Some allegations were dismissed by the investigating bodies, but in other cases wrongdoing was established, leading to the imposition of penalties. Sanctions have included the levying of the maximum fine possible on Facebook for breaches of data privacy.

Several institutions have investigated the allegations: the Information Commissioner's Office (regarding the handling of personal data); the Electoral Commission (regarding penalising breaches of electoral law); the National Crime Agency; the Metropolitan Police, and Crown Prosecution Service (regarding criminal prosecution); the UK Parliament; the European Parliament; and the Venice Commission; there have also been private prosecutions.

Information Commissioner's Office (2017-present)

ICO report: Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns

On 4 March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO) reported that it was 'conducting a wide assessment of the data-protection risks arising from the use of data analytics, including for political purposes' in relation to the Brexit campaign.[1][2] In May 2017, the ICO also launched an investigation into the use of data analytics for political purposes, making reference to both the EU referendum and the 2015 general election.[3][4][5] In March 2018 The Economist had still opined that breaches of electoral law were unlikely to have had a substantive effect on the outcome of the EU Referendum: "Does any of this matter beyond Westminster? If Vote Leave is found to have breached the rules, that will support the notion that Leavers played fast and loose in 2016. Yet Remainers spent a lot more, and benefited from a government leaflet costing £9m that openly backed their cause. On the evidence so far, it is hard to conclude that the 52:48 result was changed by digital marketing, however cleverly done."[6]

In July 2018, the Information Commissioner's Office main report was published and showed it was investigating a number of bodies for unlawful use of data during the EU Referendum—particularly the unlawful passing of data from one organisation to another.[7] The investigation was at that point ongoing due to an appeal by UKIP, which was rejected in February 2019.[8][9] In April 2019, the investigation was in this respect ongoing.[5] In November 2019 it was reported that the ICO would next report is spring 2020 or later.[10]

The investigations included:

The sections below report penalties and enforcement notices that have been issued.

Vote Leave

On 19 March 2019, Vote Leave was fined £40,000 for sending 196,154 unsolicited electronic messages to people who had not given consent for their contact details to be used for these purposes.[11][12]

Leave.EU

The Information Commissioner's Office has found Leave.EU guilty of breaking the Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 and the Data Protection Act 1998 on a number of counts. This included using contacts gathered by Eldon Insurance for their own direct marketing purposes, and, vice versa, enabling the insurance company to use their contacts for its direct marketing.

Date Company Cause Penalty Sources
9 May 2016 Better for the Country, a.k.a. Leave.EU Sending people text messages without having first gained their permission to do so. £50,000 [13][14]
1 February 2019 Leave.EU 296,522 direct marketing emails delivered without subscribers' consent. £15,000 [15]
1 February 2019 Leave.EU 1,069,852 Eldon Insurance direct marketing emails to 54,000 subscribers without consent. £45,000 [16]
1 February 2019 Eldon Insurance Services Limited (trading as GoSkippy Insurance) 1,069,852 Eldon Insurance direct marketing emails to 54,000 subscribers without consent. £60,000 + enforcement notice [17][18]

AggregateIQ

On 24 October 2018, the Information Commissioner's Office served a legal notice requiring AggregateIQ Data Services Ltd to 'erase any personal data of individuals in the UK'.[19]

Facebook

On 24 October 2018, the Office found that between 2007 and 2014, Facebook had broken the UK data law then in force, the Data Protection Act 1998, and applied £500,000, the highest penalty allowed under that Act, noting that under more recent legislation, the General Data Protection Regulation the fine would have been much higher. Facebook allowed application developers to access people's data "without sufficiently clear and informed consent" and failed to keep their personal information secure, which allowed Aleksandr Kogan and his company Global Science Research to harvest the data of as many as 87 million people worldwide (including at least one million in the UK) to share a subset of this data further, including with SCL Group, the parent company of Cambridge Analytica. Facebook also did not act firmly enough to ensure that, once known, these data breaches were remedied.[20][21] In July 2019, it was reported that Facebook would be fined around $5bn by the US Federal Trade Commission in relation to the same and related issues.[22]

Electoral Commission (2017-2018)

Spending returns

In February 2017, the Electoral Commission announced that it was investigating the spending of Britain Stronger in Europe and Vote Leave, and smaller organisations, as they had not submitted all the necessary invoices, receipts, or details to back up their accounts.[23]

In the ensuing months, it levied a number of fines on political parties and other campaign entities for breaching campaign finance rules during the referendum campaign, with £20,000 as the maximum possible fine under the law .[24] Fines of £1000 or more were:

Date Organisation Cause Penalty Sources
16 August 2017 Constitutional Research Council Failure to notify the Electoral Commission of political contributions it made (including £435,000 to the DUP), and gifts it received. £6,000 [25][26]
19 December 2017 Liberal Democrat Party Failure to deliver a complete and accurate spending return. £18,000 [27]
19 December 2017 Open Britain (formerly Britain Stronger in Europe) Failure to deliver a complete and accurate spending return. £1,250 [27]
11 May 2018 Leave.EU Failure to deliver complete and accurate pre-poll transaction report and post-poll spending information (responsible person: Elizabeth Bilney). £50,000 [28]
15 May 2018 Best for Our Future Limited Failure to deliver a complete and accurate spending return. £2,000 [29]
15 May 2018 Unison Failure to deliver a complete and accurate spending return and late payment of an invoice. £1,500 [29]
17 July 2018 Vote Leave Failure to deliver a complete and accurate spending return (responsible person: David Alan Halsall); failure to provide documents on time. £41,000 [30]

Funding sources

Constitutional Research Council

The Electoral Commission fined the Constitutional Research Council for not declaring its donation of £435,000 to the DUP, though the Electoral Commission found that the DUP had not itself broken electoral law.[31] Press speculation continued, both on the question of the ultimate source(s) of the Constitutional Research Council's donation, and the legitimacy of its use, which included £282,000 for pro-Brexit advertising in the Metro newspaper, which does not circulate in Northern Ireland.[26][32] In December 2018, the Good Law Project initiated judicial proceedings over the commission's decision not to investigate further.[33] In August 2018 the Electoral Commission noted that 'The Commission continues to be prohibited by legislation from disclosing any information concerning donations to Northern Ireland recipients made prior to 1 July 2017 (section 71 of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000). We continue to urge the UK Government to bring forward legislation that will enable us to publish information on donations from January 2014.'[34]

Campaign spending

Arron Banks, Better for the Country, and Leave.EU

Leave.EU ran a separate campaign to the official pro-Brexit group Vote Leave.[2][35] In May 2018, the Electoral Commission gave Leave.EU the maximum available fine of £20,000 for unlawfully overspending. Leave.EU failed to include in its referendum spending return spending of £77,380 in fees paid to the company "Better for the Country Limited" as its campaign organiser. Leave.EU also paid for services from the US campaign strategy firm Goddard Gunster which were not reported in its spending return.[28]

The Commission concluded that the overspend exceeded the statutory spending limit by over 10% – and that 'the actual figure was in fact greater'.[36] The Electoral Commission's director of political finance and regulation and legal counsel said that the "level of fine we have imposed has been constrained by the cap on the commission's fines".[36][37] In May 2018, Leave.EU's co-founder Arron Banks stated that he rejected the outcome of the investigation and would be challenging it in court.[38]

Vote Leave and BeLeave

In March 2017, the Electoral Commission cleared Vote Leave of breaking spending limits, but in October 2017 it re-opened the investigation due to new evidence.[39] In July 2018, it found Vote Leave to have broken electoral law, spending over its limit.[40] Not declaring £675,000 incurred under a common plan with Darren Grimes´ Brexit campaign BeLeave, Vote Leave unlawfully overspent its £7m limit by £449,079. The Electoral Commission referred the matter to the police.[39]

Date Organisation Cause Penalty Sources
17 July 2018 Vote Leave Breaching statutory spending limit (responsible person: David Alan Halsall). £20,000 [30]
17 July 2018 BeLeave Breaching statutory spending limit for a non-registered campaigner (responsible person: Darren Grimes).

On 19 July 2019, this was quashed on appeal by the Central London county court.[41][42]

£20,000, quashed on appeal [30]

In September 2018, the High Court of Justice found that Vote Leave had received incorrect advice from the UK Electoral Commission, but confirmed that the overspending had been illegal. Vote Leave said they would not have overspent without the inaccurate advice and declared that they would appeal against their fine.[43][44] In March 2019 Vote Leave announced that they would not make an appeal.[45]

Vote Leave attempted to prosecute the Electoral Commission for publishing its July 2018 report 'Report of an investigation in respect of: Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain', alleging that it had caused 'reputational damage', but their request for judicial review was rejected in January 2019, since the Electoral Commission's publication had been lawful.[46]

Metropolitan Police and Crown Prosecution Service (2018-present)

Having established that the Vote Leave and BeLeave campaigns had broken electoral law in July 2018, the Electoral Commission passed files to the Metropolitan Police Service for criminal investigation on the 19th of that month.[39][47]

As the police investigation proceeded, high-profile political interventions took place. On 16 October 2018, a cross-party group of 77 MPs, including members of all the large parties, wrote to the Metropolitan Police and National Crime Agency to express concern that criminal investigations had perhaps stalled, and were told that investigations were ongoing.[48][49]

In June 2019, Ben Bradshaw (Labour MP), Caroline Lucas (Green MP), Tom Brake (Liberal Democrat MP), Jenny Jones (Green lord) and Fiona Mactaggart (former Labour MP) applied for judicial review of the Metropolitan Police, arguing that criminal investigations had been unjustifiably delayed. The Metropolitan Police reported again that investigation was ongoing.[50] In October 2019, the Metropolitan Police passed a file on their investigation to the Crown Prosecution Service for 'early investigative advice'.[47][51]

Venice Commission (since 2019)

On 19 June 2019, a cross-party group of 38 of the 73 UK Members of the European Parliament wrote to the Venice Commission, a body of the Council of Europe charged with assisting Council members regarding constitutional law, to request an investigation into "the breach of spending rules and data-protection laws" and "the exclusion of non-UK EU citizens residing in the UK from the franchise".[52]

UK Parliament (2018-2019)

In 2018, the intelligence and security committee of the UK Parliament, under the chairmanship of Dominic Grieve, began researching a report on allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 Brexit referendum. On 17 October 2019, the Committee passed the completed report to the government, which said that it would be published following the 2019 General Election.[53]

In July 2018, the House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee released an interim report on Disinformation and ‘fake news’, stating that the largest donor in the Brexit campaign, Arron Banks, had "failed to satisfy" the Committee that his donations came from UK sources, and may have been financed by the Russian government.[54] In February 2019, the Digital, Culture, Media and Sport select committee's 18-month investigation into disinformation and fake news published its final report,[55] calling for an inquiry to establish, in relation to the referendum, “what actually happened with regard to foreign influence, disinformation, funding, voter manipulation, and the sharing of data, so that appropriate changes to the law can be made and lessons can be learnt for future elections and referenda”.[56]

European Parliament (2016–2019)

In 2016–18, the European Parliament found that the Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe (ADDE), a group of European political parties led by the UK Independence Party (UKIP), had misspent over €500,000 of EU funding. Some of this was on UKIP's 2015 UK election campaign and opinion polling during the 2016 Brexit referendum campaign. The Parliament required the repayment of the funds and denied the organisations some other funding.[57][58]

In 2019, the European Court of Justice overturned the European Parliament's decision to ask the ADDE to repay money and to deny them further grant money, stating that the parliament had not been impartial when making its decision.[59] "The court also rejected the parliament's claim that ... ADDE had broken EU spending rules by spending public funds on an opinion poll before the 2016 Brexit referendum."[59]

Other allegations

National Crime Agency and Metropolitan Police

In November 2017, the Electoral Commission said that it was investigating allegations relating to the funding sources of funding of pro-Brexit organisations, specifically that Arron Banks, an insurance businessman and the largest single financial supporter of the Brexit campaign, violated campaign spending laws.[60] From 1 November 2017 to 1 November 2018, the Electoral Commission investigated the source of £8m paid to the closely associated organisations Leave.EU and Better for the Country Ltd., a company of which Banks was a director and majority shareholder.[61][62] The company donated £2.4 million to groups supporting British withdrawal from the EU.[60] The investigation began after the Commission found "initial grounds to suspect breaches of electoral law".[63] The Commission specifically sought to determine "whether or not Mr Banks was the true source of loans reported by a referendum campaigner in his name" and "whether or not Better for the Country Limited was the true source of donations made to referendum campaigners in its name, or if it was acting as an agent".[60][64]

The Commission found reasonable grounds for suspecting that 'various criminal offences may have been committed'.[62] Different aspects of the case were referred to the National Crime Agency and Metropolitan Police for criminal investigation. On 13 September 2019, the Metropolitan Police concluded that while "it is clear that whilst some technical breaches of electoral law were committed by Leave.EU in respect of the spending return submitted for their campaign, there is insufficient evidence to justify any further criminal investigation",[65][66] and on 24 September 2019, the National Crime Agency said it had found no evidence of criminality in respect of the issues raised by the Electoral Commission and that no further action would be taken.[67]

Private prosecutions

In R (Wilson) v Prime Minister, the claimants argued that illegality through Russian interference, criminal overspending by Vote Leave and criminal investigation into the largest donor, Arron Banks, before and during the referendum undermined the integrity of the result, and rendered the decision to leave void. The case was not upheld.

In Ball v Johnson, Marcus J. Ball brought a crowdfunded case against the MP and Vote Leave chairman Boris Johnson, alleging misconduct in public office on the grounds that he knowingly lied when claiming that the UK sent £350m to the EU each week and that this could instead be spent on the National Health Service.[68] An initial court decision that Johnson was to be tried was overturned on 7 June 2019.[68][69]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jamie Doward, Carole Cadwalladr and Alice Gibbs, 'Watchdog to launch inquiry into misuse of data in politics', The Observer (4 March 2017).
  2. ^ a b Carole Cadwalladr, 'The great British Brexit robbery: how our democracy was hijacked', The Observer (Sunday 7 May 2017).
  3. ^ Elizabeth Denham, 'The Information Commissioner opens a formal investigation into the use of data analytics for political purposes', Information Commissioner's Blog (17 May 2017).
  4. ^ Sunny Hundal, 'Investigation launched into the 'secret world' of how millionaires used Facebook and other data to push Brexit', OpenDemocracy (17 May 2017).
  5. ^ a b Robert Verkaik and Emma Graham-Harrison, 'Judge orders Ukip to reveal Brexit referendum data use ', The Observer (14 April 2019).
  6. ^ 'Did Vote Leave cheat to win the Brexit referendum?', The Economist (27 March 2018).
  7. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Investigation into the use of data analytics in political campaigns: Investigation update' (11 July 2018).
  8. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Democracy disrupted? Personal information and political influence' (11 July 2018).
  9. ^ Judge Wikeley, 'The Upper Tribunal (Administrative Appeals Chamber) Upper Tribnal Case No. GIA/2069/2018; Parties: United Kingdom Independence Party Ltd (Appellant) and The Information Commissioner (First Respondent)' (18 February 2019).
  10. ^ James Cusick, 'New evidence that LibDems sold voter data for £100,000 held back till after election', OpenDemocracy (13 November 2019).
  11. ^ 'DATA PROTECTION ACT 1998 SUPERVISORY POWERS OF THE INFORMATION COMMISSIONER MONETARY PENALTY NOTICE (19 March 2019).
  12. ^ 'Vote Leave fined over thousands of unsolicited texts', BBC News (19 March 2019).
  13. ^ 'EU campaign firm fined for sending spam texts Archived 2017-07-05 at the Wayback Machine' (11 May 2016).
  14. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Information Rights Report' (quarter 1, 2016/17), p. 30.
  15. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Data Protection Act 1998: Supervisory Powers of the Information Commissioner monetary Penalty Notice' (1 February 2019).
  16. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Data Protection Act 1998: Supervisory Powers of the Information Commissioner Monetary Penalty Notice' (1 February 2019).
  17. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Data Protection Act 1998: Supervisory Powers of the Information Commissioner Monetary Penalty Notice' (1 February 2019).
  18. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Data Protection Act 1998: Supervisory Powers of the Information Commissioner Enforcement Notice' (1 February 2019).
  19. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Enforcement Notice: The Data Protection Act 2018, Part 6, Section 149' (24 October 2018).
  20. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'ICO issues maximum £500,000 fine to Facebook for failing to protect users’ personal information' (25 October 2018).
  21. ^ Information Commissioner's Office, 'Data Protection Act 1998: Supervisory Powers of the Information Commissioner, Monetary Penalty Notice' (24 October 2018).
  22. ^ Julia Carrie Wong, 'Facebook to be fined $5bn for Cambridge Analytica privacy violations – reports', The Guardian (12 July 2019).
  23. ^ Reporters (24 February 2017). "Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 15 December 2019.[Election watchdog probes spending by EU referendum campaign groups], The Daily Telegraph (24 February 2017).
  24. ^ Maidment, Jack (19 December 2017) "Liberal Democrats fined £18,000 for breaching campaign finance rules relating to EU referendum". The Daily Telegraph.
  25. ^ Niall McCracken, 'Questions surround £6,000 fine linked to Northern Ireland political donation', thedetail (16 August 2017).
  26. ^ a b Niall McCracken, 'CRC Brexit donation to DUP not reported to watchdog', BBC News (19 December 2018).
  27. ^ a b Electoral Commission, 'Liberal Democrats fined £18,000 for breaches of campaign finance rules' (19 December 2019).
  28. ^ a b Electoral Commission, 'Report on an investigation in respect of the Leave.EU Group Limited Concerning pre-poll transaction reports and the campaign spending return for the 2016 referendum on the UK’s membership of the European Union' (11 May 2018).
  29. ^ a b Electoral Commission, 'Campaigners and political parties fined for breaching political finance rules' (15 May 2018).
  30. ^ a b c Electoral Commission, 'Report of an investigation in respect of: Vote Leave Limited, Mr Darren Grimes, BeLeave, Veterans for Britain Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine' (17 July 2018).
  31. ^ 'DUP's pro-Brexit advertising money was 'permissible'', BBC News (6 November 2018).
  32. ^ O'Toole, Fintan (16 May 2017) "What connects Brexit, the DUP, dark money and a Saudi prince?". The Irish Times.
  33. ^ Niall McCracken, 'DUP Brexit donation: Electoral Commission challenged', BBC News (20 December 2018).
  34. ^ Electoral Commission, 'Conclusion of assessments into allegations regarding certain EU Referendum campaigners' (3 August 2018).
  35. ^ Electoral Commission statement on investigation into Leave.EU, Electoral Commission (21 April 2017).
  36. ^ a b "Leave.EU fined for multiple breaches of electoral law following investigation". The Electoral Commission. 11 May 2018
  37. ^ Weaver, Matthew (11 May 2018). "Leave.EU fined £70k over breaches of electoral law". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  38. ^ Samson, Adam (11 May 2018). "Leave.EU campaign fined by UK Electoral Commission". Financial Times. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  39. ^ a b c 'Brexit: Vote Leave broke electoral law, says Electoral Commission', BBC News (17 July 2018).
  40. ^ Electoral Commission Archived 2018-08-20 at the Wayback Machine, 'Report of an investigation' (July 2018)
  41. ^ "Darren Grimes: Brexit campaigner wins appeal against £20,000 fine". BBC News. 19 July 2019.
  42. ^ Pegg, David (19 July 2019). "Pro-Brexit activist wins appeal against £20,000 electoral spending fine". The Guardian.
  43. ^ Smout, Alistair (14 September 2018). "UK court rules against electoral watchdog in Brexit spending row". Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  44. ^ Coates, Sam (15 September 2018). "Electoral Commission suffers High Court defeat over Brexit expenses advice". The Times. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  45. ^ 'Brexit: Vote Leave drops appeal against referendum spending fine' (29 March 2019).
  46. ^ Sian Harrison, 'Vote Leave LOSES bid to fight Brexit referendum spending watchdog in High Court', The Mirror (15 January 2019).
  47. ^ a b James Cusick, 'Johnson and Cummings under fire as police hand criminal evidence on Vote Leave to prosecution agency', OpenDemocracy: Free Thinking for the World (1 November 2019).
  48. ^ Jon Stone, 'Brexit: MPs write to Met Police asking if government pushed for Vote Leave investigation to be "soft-pedalled"', The Independent (16 October 2018).
  49. ^ 'Metropolitan Police 'still assessing' whether Leave campaigns broke law', BBC News (2 November 2018).
  50. ^ Peter Walker, 'MPs take Met to court over leave campaign investigation delays', The Guardian (19 June 2019).
  51. ^ Jonathon Read, 'Met Police hand files surrounding Boris Johnson's Vote Leave campaign to prosecutors', The New European (1 November 2019).
  52. ^ Josiah Mortimer, 'MEPs demand international investigation into Tory handling of the EU elections', Left Foot Forward (19 June 2019).
  53. ^ Dan Sabbagh, Peter Walker and Luke Harding, 'No 10 blocks Russia EU referendum report until after election', The Guardian (4 November 2019).
  54. ^ House of Commons Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee, Disinformation and ‘fake news’: Interim Report (July 2018).ch 5, Russian influence in political campaigns
  55. ^ Pegg, David (18 February 2019). "Facebook labelled 'digital gangsters' by report on fake news". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  56. ^ "Theresa May must investigate 'foreign influence and voter manipulation' in Brexit vote, say MPs". The Independent. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  57. ^ Jennifer Rankin, 'Ukip-controlled group 'misspent' €500,000 on Brexit campaign', The Guardian (21 November 2016).
  58. ^ Jennifer Rankin, 'Ukip group fails in bid to restore EU funding amid fraud inquiry', The Guardian (9 February 2018).
  59. ^ a b Jennifer Rankin, 'Farage-fronted group of MEPs unfairly treated over funds, court finds', The Guardian (7 November 2019).
  60. ^ a b c Henry Mance, Brexit-backer Arron Banks to be investigated over campaign spending, Financial Times (1 November 2017).
  61. ^ Holly Watt, Electoral Commission to investigate Arron Banks' Brexit donations: Watchdog to consider whether leave campaigner broke campaign finance rules in run-up to EU referendum, The Guardian (1 November 2017).
  62. ^ a b Electoral Commission, 'Report on investigation into payments made to Better for the Country and Leave.EU' (1 November 2018).
  63. ^ Henry Mance, Arron Banks investigated for Brexit campaign spending, Financial Times (1 November 2017).
  64. ^ House of Commons Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, 'Disinformation and ‘fake news’: Final Report', Eighth Report of Session 2017–19 [HC 1791] (House of Commons, 18 February 2019).
  65. ^ David Pegg, 'Met to take no further action over Leave.EU spending breaches', The Guardian (13 September 2019).
  66. ^ 'UPDATE: lnvestigation into Leave.EU' (13 September 2019).
  67. ^ PA Media, 'No evidence Leave. EU and Arron Banks broke law, says crime agency', The Guardian (24 September 2019).
  68. ^ a b "Boris Johnson 'to fight court summons' over £350m Brexit bus misconduct case", The Independent (4 June 2019).
  69. ^ Nadeem Badshah, 'Boris Johnson wins court challenge over £350m Brexit claims', The Guardian (7 Jun 2019).

Read other articles:

The Shamrock (newspaper)

The front page of the Shamrock published on October 3, 1874. Irish weekly literary paper The ShamrockCategoriesIrish literature, culture, poetry, GaelicFrequencyWeeklyFounded1866First issue6 October 1866Final issue10 August 1912CountryIrelandBased inDublinLanguageEnglish The Shamrock was an Irish literary newspaper published in Dublin from 1866 to 1912.[1][2][3] It was a nationalist weekly publication printed and circulated every Saturday. Noteworthy illustrators, writ...

 

Complementary DNA

DNA reverse transcribed from RNA CDNA redirects here. For other uses, see CDNA (disambiguation). For the general property of complementarity in molecular biology, see Complementarity (molecular biology). For complementation tests used in genetics research, see Complementation (genetics). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Compleme...

 

Pengepungan Strasbourg

Pengepungan StrasbourgBagian dari Perang Prancis-PrusiaReruntuhan kota setelah pengepunganTanggal14 Agustus – 28 September 1870(1 bulan dan 2 minggu)LokasiStrasbourg, FranceHasil Kemenangan jermanPihak terlibat  Kekaisaran Jerman  Prusia  Baden Württemberg French Empire French RepublicTokoh dan pemimpin August von Werder Jean-Jacques Uhrich Pasukan Korps Pengepungan Benteng StrasbourgKekuatan 40.000 pria366 senjata dan mortir 23.000 pria1.277 artileriKorb...

العلاقات السودانية الكرواتية

العلاقات السودانية الكرواتية السودان كرواتيا   السودان   كرواتيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات السودانية الكرواتية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين السودان وكرواتيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه ال...

 

Associazione Calcio Reggiana 1919 2012-2013

Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Reggiana 1919. AC Reggiana 1919Stagione 2012-2013Sport calcio Squadra Reggiana Allenatore Lamberto Zauli[1], poi Luigi Apolloni[2], poi Lamberto Zauli Presidente Alessandro Barilli Lega Pro Prima Divisione15º nel girone A (salva dopo aver vinto i play-out) Coppa ItaliaPrimo turno Coppa Italia Lega ProSecondo turno Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Iraci (30)Totale: Iraci (31) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: P. Rossi (6)Totale: P. Rossi (7) S...

 

Riccardo Sebellin

Riccardo Sebellin Riccardo Sebellin (Vicenza, 15 settembre 1847 – Vicenza, 4 settembre 1925) è stato un imprenditore, politico e dirigente sportivo italiano, noto per essere stato l'ottavo presidente del Vicenza Calcio dal 1920 al 1925. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Note 3 Bibliografia 4 Voci correlate 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Appartenente a una ricca famiglia imprenditoriale, i cui avi si erano trasferiti a Rossano già all'inizio del XVIII secolo,[1] Riccardo Sebellin fu sindaco d...

Paul Gottlieb Nipkow

Paul Gottlieb Nipkow (1884 circa) Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow (Lauenburg in Pomerania, 22 agosto 1860 – Berlino, 24 agosto 1940) è stato un inventore tedesco. Indice 1 Inizi 2 Il disco di Nipkow 3 Primi sistemi televisivi 4 Trasmettitore Paul Nipkow 5 Note 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Inizi Mentre era a scuola a Neustadt, Nipkow fece degli esperimenti nella telefonia e nella trasmissione di immagini in movimento. Dopo il diploma, si trasferì a Berlino per studiare scienze. Egli...

 

Euphorbia

Genus of flowering plants in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae Not to be confused with Euphoria. For the family commonly called euphorbias and spurge family, see Euphorbiaceae. Euphorbia Euphorbia serrata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Subfamily: Euphorbioideae Tribe: Euphorbieae Subtribe: EuphorbiinaeGriseb. Genus: EuphorbiaL. Type species Euphorbia antiquorumL. Subgenera...

 

Transcription (biology)

Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA This article is about transcription in biology. For other uses, see Transcription. Part of a series onGenetics Key components Chromosome DNA RNA Genome Heredity Nucleotide Mutation Genetic variation Allele Amino acid Outline Index History and topics Introduction History Evolution (molecular) Population genetics Mendelian inheritance Quantitative genetics Molecular genetics Research Geneticist DNA sequencing Genetic engineering Genomics ( template) ...

Yellow-throated bulbul

Species of songbird Yellow-throated bulbul Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Infraorder: Passerides Family: Pycnonotidae Genus: Pycnonotus Species: P. xantholaemus Binomial name Pycnonotus xantholaemus(Jerdon, 1845) Synonyms Brachypus xantholaemus[2][3] Ixos xantholaemus The yellow-throated bulbul (Pycnonotus xantholaemus) is a species o...

 

George B. Post

American architect (1837–1915) George B. Post6th President of the American Institute of ArchitectsIn office1896–1898Preceded byDaniel H. BurnhamSucceeded byHenry Van Brunt Personal detailsBorn(1837-12-15)December 15, 1837Manhattan, New YorkDiedNovember 28, 1913(1913-11-28) (aged 75)Bernardsville, New JerseySpouse Alice Matilda Stone ​(after 1863)​Children5Alma materNew York UniversitySignature George Browne Post (December 15, 1837 –...

 

San Juan de Urabá

Municipality and town in Antioquia Department, ColombiaSan Juan de UrabáMunicipality and town FlagSealLocation of the municipality and town of San Juan de Urabá in the Antioquia Department of ColombiaSan Juan de UrabáLocation in ColombiaCoordinates: 8°46′0″N 76°32′0″W / 8.76667°N 76.53333°W / 8.76667; -76.53333Country ColombiaDepartment Antioquia DepartmentSubregionUrabáPopulation (Census 2018[1]) • Total19,992Time zoneUTC-...

1681 Steinmetz

1681 SteinmetzShape model of Steinmetz from its lightcurveDiscovery[1]Discovered byM. LaugierDiscovery siteNice Obs.Discovery date23 November 1948DesignationsMPC designation(1681) SteinmetzNamed afterJulius Steinmetz(amateur astronomer)[2]Alternative designations1948 WE · 1926 YA1936 BE · 1939 VC1945 ED · 1957 YH1958 AE · A914 DBMinor planet categorymain-belt · (middle)[3]Or...

 

Bowuzhi

Compendium of Chinese stories about natural phenomena (c. 290 CE) BowuzhiChinese nameChinese博物志Literal meaningextensive things recordTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinBówùzhìWade–GilesPo-wu chihYue: CantoneseJyutpingBok3mat6zi3Southern MinHokkien POJPhok-bu̍ttsìMiddle ChineseMiddle ChinesePakmjuttsyiOld ChineseBaxter–Sagart (2014)Pˤakmuttə-sKorean nameHangul박물지Hanja博物志TranscriptionsMcCune–ReischauerPakmulchiJapanese nameKanji博物志Hiraganaはくぶ�...

 

Have I Got News for You

British television panel show Have I Got News for YouAlso known as HIGNFY Have I Got a Little Bit More News for You Have I Got a Bit More News for You Have I Got Old News for You Have I Got a Bit More Old News for You GenreComedy panel gamePolitical satireCreated by Jimmy Mulville Presented by Angus Deayton (1990–2002) Guest presenters (2002–present) Starring Ian Hislop Paul Merton (except for series 11) Guest panelists (series 11 only) Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEngl...

Daftar marga anggota Malvaceae

Berikut adalah daftar marga angota suku kapas-kapasan atau Malvaceae (s.l., arti luas). Marga dikelompokkan berdasarkan anaksuku masing-masing. Bombacoideae Dalam klasifikasi yang lebih awal anaksuku ini dianggap sebagai suku (famili) Bombacaceae. Ciri-ciri dasar. Terna atau pohon/perdu; daun berseling, biasanya berbentuk tangan, berlekuk, dengan stipula kecil. Bunga hermafrodit, aktinomorf; kelopak lima helai, bergabung di pangkal, sering kali disertai dengan epicalyx; mahkota lima helai, te...

 

Fourier optics

Study of classical optics using Fourier transforms Fourier optics is the study of classical optics using Fourier transforms (FTs), in which the waveform being considered is regarded as made up of a combination, or superposition, of plane waves. It has some parallels to the Huygens–Fresnel principle, in which the wavefront is regarded as being made up of a combination of spherical wavefronts (also called phasefronts) whose sum is the wavefront being studied. A key difference is that Fourier ...

 

IBM RFID Information Center

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: IBM RFID Information Center – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The IBM RFID Information Center (RFIDIC) software solution is based on EPCglobal's Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) standard specification. RFID Information...

Basel problem

Sum of inverse squares of natural numbers Part of a series of articles on themathematical constant π 3.1415926535897932384626433... Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22/7 Approximations Madhava's correction term Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Jamshīd al-Kāshī Ludolph van Ceulen François Viète Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks Srinivasa Ra...

 

Battle of Bubat

Pasunda BubatDate1357LocationBubat square, Trowulan, Majapahit, JavaResult Majapahit victoryTerritorialchanges Sunda kingdom annexed by the Kingdom of Majapahit as per some sources while it maintain its autonomy as per others.Belligerents Majapahit Empire Sunda KingdomCommanders and leaders Gajah Mada Maharaja Lingga Buana †Strength Large number of Majapahit troops stationed in Majapahit capital, exact number unknown The Sundanese royal family, the state officials, servants, guards...