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6-APB
Clinical data
Routes of; administration	By mouth, insufflation
Drug class	Empathogen–entactogen; Stimulant
ATC code	None;
Legal status
Legal status	CA: Schedule III; DE: Anlage II (Authorized trade only, not prescriptible); UK: Class B;
Pharmacokinetic data
Onset of action	30–60 minutes
Duration of action	7–10 hours
Identifiers
	IUPAC name 1-(1-Benzofuran-6-yl)propan-2-amine;
CAS Number	286834-85-3 286834-84-2 (HCl);
PubChem CID	9794343;
ChemSpider	7970110 ;
UNII	285VE60914;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID401010105 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C11H13NO
Molar mass	175.231 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES NC(C)CC1=CC(OC=C2)=C2C=C1;
	InChI InChI=1S/C11H13NO/c1-8(12)6-9-2-3-10-4-5-13-11(10)7-9/h2-5,7-8H,6,12H2,1H3 ; Key:FQDAMYLMQQKPRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
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6-APB (6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran) is an empathogenic psychoactive drug of the substituted benzofuran and substituted phenethylamine classes.^[1] 6-APB and other compounds are sometimes informally called "Benzofury" in newspaper reports. It is similar in structure to MDA, but differs in that the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl ring system has been replaced with a benzofuran ring. 6-APB is also the unsaturated benzofuran derivative of 6-APDB. It may appear as a tan grainy powder.^{[citation needed]}

While the drug never became particularly popular, it briefly entered the rave and underground clubbing scene in the UK before its sale and import were banned. It falls under the category of research chemicals, sometimes called "legal highs” if uncontrolled. Because 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans have not been explicitly outlawed in some countries, they are often technically legal, contributing to its popularity.^{[citation needed]}

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

6-APB is a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI) with K_i values of 117, 150, and 2698 nM for the norepinephrine transporter (NET), dopamine transporter (DAT), and serotonin transporter (SERT), respectively.^[1] In addition, 6-APB not only blocks the reuptake of these monoamine neurotransmitters but is also a releasing agent of them; that is, it is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA).^[2]

In addition to actions at the monoamine transporters, 6-APB is a potent full agonist of the serotonin 5-HT_2B receptor (K_i = 3.7 nM),^[1] with higher affinity for this target than any other site.^[3] Moreover, unlike MDMA, 6-APB shows 100-fold selectivity for the 5-HT_2B receptor over the 5-HT_2A and 5-HT_2C receptors.^[3]^[4] It is notably both more potent and more selective as an agonist of the 5-HT_2B receptor than the reference 5-HT_2B receptor agonist, BW-723C86, which is commonly used for research into the 5-HT_2B receptor.^{[citation needed]} Aside from the 5-HT_2B receptor, 6-APB has also been found to bind with high affinity to the α_2C-adrenergic receptor subtype (K_i = 45 nM), although the clinical significance of this action is unknown.^[1] 6-APB showed little other affinity at a wide selection of other sites.^[1]

The potent agonism of the 5-HT_2B receptor makes it likely that 6-APB would be cardiotoxic with chronic or long-term use, as seen with other 5-HT_2B receptor agonists such as the withdrawn serotonergic anorectic fenfluramine.^[1]^[5]

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of 6-APB have not been studied, however, some information can be extracted from user reports. These suggest a slow onset of 40–120 minutes. The drugs peak effects last 7 hours, followed by a comedown phase of approximately 2 hours, and after effects for up to 24 hours.^[6]

Metabolism

Although limited literature is available, there is some data on metabolism of 6-APB in rats. Its Phase I metabolism involves hydroxylation of the furan ring, then cleavage of the ring, followed by a reduction of the unsaturated aldehyde from the previous step. The resulting aldehyde may then take two paths. It is either oxidized to a carboxylic acid or reduced to an alcohol, and then hydroxylated. Phase II metabolism consists of glucuronidation. The most prevalent metabolites in rats were 3-carboxymethyl-4-hydroxyamphetamine and 4-carboxymethyl-3-hydroxyamphetamine.^[7]

Adverse effects

Acute psychosis has been associated with recreational use of 6-APB in combination with the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-122.^[8]

Reagents results

6-APB and its structural isomer 5-APB have been tested with a series of agents including: Marquis, Liebermann, Mecke, and Froehde reagents.^[9] Exposing compounds to the reagents gives a colour change which is indicative of the compound under test.

Compound	Marquis	Mecke	Mandelin	Liebermann	Froehde	Gallic	Ehrlich	Hofmann	Simon's	Folin
6-APB	Purple	Purple to black	Purple to black	Black	Purple	Brown	Orange	Light orange	No reaction	Light orange
6-APB succinate	Purple	Purple to black	Purple to black	Black	Purple	Brown	Faint orange	No reaction	No reaction	Light orange

6-APB succinate is reported to be practically insoluble in CHCl₃ as well as very minimally soluble in cold water. A batch seized by the DEA contained a 2:1 ratio of succinate to 6-APB.^[10]

Synthesis

The synthesis by Briner et al.^[4] entailed refluxing 3-bromophenol with bromoacetaldehyde diethylacetal and sodium hydride to give the diethyl acetal, which then was heated with polyphosphoric acid to give a mixture of bromobenzofuran structural isomers: 4-bromo-1-benzofuran and 6-bromo-1-benzofuran. The isomers were separated by silica gel column chromatography, then converted to their respective propanone derivatives, and then reductively aminated to give 6-APB and 4-APB, both of which were converted to their HCl ion pairs for further examination.

Dosage and duration

6-APB can be found in freebase, hydrochloride, and succinate form. The freebase is purportedly 20% stronger than the hydrochloride salt and 65% stronger than the succinate. This means 100 mg of 6-APB HCl is equivalent to 83 mg of 6-APB freebase and 100 mg of 6-APB succinate is equivalent to 60 mg of 6-APB freebase. Different production batches may have impurities and should be treated with care.^{[citation needed]}

Based on anecdotal reports, the dosages for 6-APB hydrochloride are the following:

Dosage
	Oral
Threshold	15 mg
Light	15–60 mg
Common	60–90 mg
Strong	90–120 mg
Heavy	120 mg +

Duration
	Oral
Onset	30–60 minutes (or more)
Come up	60–120 minutes
Peak	3–4 hours
Offset	2–3 hours
Total	7–10 hours
After effects	6–48 hours

The dosages for freebases or succinates have to be adjusted accordingly.

Law

North America

Canada

In 1999, amphetamines were changed from Schedule III to Schedule I as a result of the Safe Streets Act. Some have speculated that 6-APB's structure qualifies it as a Schedule I drug as an analog of MDA.^[11]^{[unreliable source?]}

In 2014, a study funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research noted that 6-APB "may or may not be legal in Canada depending on how one interprets the current Act"^[12] and that it could be purchased for academic purposes without an exemption from Health Canada. The study also noted how, unlike the MDMA it often serves as a replacement for in countries like the US, 6-APB's benzofuran structure does not make it a direct analogue of amphetamine despite similarities in effects.

United States

6-APB is not scheduled at the federal level in the United States,^[13]^{[failed verification]} but it may be considered an analog of amphetamine, in which case purchase, sale, or possession could be prosecuted under the Federal Analog Act.^[14]

Finland

6-APB is scheduled in government decree on narcotic substances, preparations and plants and hence is illegal.^[15]

France

6-APB is illegal in France.^[16]

Germany

6-APB is illegal in Germany since the 17th of July, 2013, when it was added to Anlage II of the Betäubungsmittelgesetz.^{[citation needed]}

Italy

6-APB is illegal in Italy.^[17]

Luxembourg

In Luxembourg, 6-APB is not cited in the list of prohibited substances.^[18] Therefore, it is still a legal substance.

Netherlands

6-APB is not listed under the Opium Law or the Medicine Act in the Netherlands, and thus currently legal.^{[citation needed]}

New Zealand and Australia

Certain countries contain a "substantially similar" catch-all clause in their drug law, such as New Zealand and Australia. This includes 6-APB as it is similar in chemical structure to the class A drug MDA, meaning 6-APB may be viewed as a controlled substance analogue in these jurisdictions.^[19]

Sweden

In Sweden, as of 27 December 2009 6-APB is classified as "health hazard" under the act Lagen om förbud mot vissa hälsofarliga varor (translated Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods Dangerous to Health).^[20]

UK

On June 10, 2013 6-APB and a number of analogues were classified as Temporary Class Drugs in the UK following an ACMD recommendation.^[5] This means that sale and import of the named substances are criminal offences and are treated as for class B drugs.^[21] On November 28, 2013 the ACMD recommended that 6-APB and related benzofurans should become Class B, Schedule 1 substances.^[5] On March 5, 2014 the UK Home Office announced that 6-APB would be made a class B drug on 10 June 2014 alongside every other benzofuran entactogen and many structurally related drugs.^[22]