Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoriclife forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2019.
A process-bearing multicellular eukaryotic microorganism. Argued to be an early fungus by Loron et al. (2019).[7] Genus includes new species O. giraldae.
Fossil sporocarps indistinguishable from sporocarps of members of the extant genus Stemonitis are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Rikkinen, Grimaldi & Schmidt (2019).[11]
Sponge spicules and spicule-like structures that probably represent sponge fossils are described from four sections of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary interval in the Yangtze Gorges (China) by Chang et al. (2019).[15]
A member of Protomonaxonida belonging to the family Piraniidae. The type species is "Pirania" auraeum Botting (2007); genus also includes new species A. pinwyddeni, A. pykitia and A. sciurucauda.
A member of Protomonaxonida belonging to the family Piraniidae. The type species is C. canna; genus also includes new species C. vermiformis', as well as "Pirania" llanfawrensis Botting (2004).
A hexactinellidsponge. Genus includes new species E. carlinslowpensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
A study on the growth characteristics of three species of Ordovician corals belonging to the genus Agetolites from the Xiazhen Formation (China), and on their implications for inferring phylogenetic relationships of this genus, is published by Sun, Elias & Lee (2019).[33]
Fossils of tabulate corals without septa, representing the first evidence that unmetamorphosed, slightly indurated Paleozoic sandstones crop out amidst the deposits of the Atlantic Coastal Plain Province of the United States, are reported from South Carolina by Landmeyer et al. (2019).[36] This finding is strongly disputed because all other rocks of Paleozoic age in the study area are greatly metamorphosed, the rocks where the fossils were found are traditionally mapped as the Cretaceous Middendorf Formation, and it is suggested that the fossils in question are the bark of Cretaceous conifers in Cretaceous sandstone, instead of Paleozoic corals in Paleozoic sandstone.[37]
A study aiming to determine whether ecological selection based on physiology, behavior, habitat, etc. played a role in the long-term survival of corals during the late Paleocene and early Eocene is published by Weiss & Martindale (2019).[38]
A study on the distribution of reef corals during the last interglacial is published by Jones et al. (2019), who also evaluate the utility of fossil reef coral data for predictions of impact of future climate changes on reef corals.[40]
A study on a problematic fossil specimen from the Devonian Ponta Grossa Formation (Brazil), assigned by different authors to the species Serpulites sica or Euzebiola clarkei, is published by Van Iten et al. (2019), who interpret this fossil as a medusozoan capable of clonal budding, and transfer it to the genus Sphenothallus.[41]
The oldest mesophotic coral ecosystems, dating back to middle Silurian, from the Lower Visby Beds on Gotland have been described by Zapalski & Berkowski.[42] These communities, dominated by platy corals give also clues about the onset of coral-algal symbiosis.
A study on the anatomy, ontogeny and taxonomy of the NorianhydrozoanHeterastridium, based on data from fossil specimens from central Iran and south Turkey, is published by Senowbari-Daryan & Link (2019).[44]
A rugosecoral belonging to the family Cystiphyllidae. Originally described as a species of Cystiphylloides, but subsequently made the type species of the separate genus Marennophyllum.[51]
A coral. The type species is D. latisubex; genus also includes new species D. pedderi,[53]"Combophyllum" multiradiatum Meek (1868), "Glossophyllum" discoideum Soshkina (1936) and possibly also "Hadrophyllum" wellingtonense Packham (1954) and "Glossophyllum" clebroseptatum Kravtsov (1975).
A rugosecoral belonging to the family Kumpanophyllidae. The type species is D. multiplexa; genus also includes D. similis, D. recessia, D. composita, D. extrema and D. nana.
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the putative stem-echinoderm Yanjiahella biscarpa is published by Topper et al. (2019);[84] the study is subsequently criticized by Zamora et al. (2020).[85][86]
Soft tissue traces found in conjunction with skeletal molds are described in stylophorans by Lefebvre et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting echinoderm and not hemichordate-like affinities of stylophorans.[87]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the lepidocystoid echinoderm Vyscystis is published by Nohejlová et al. (2019).[88]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diploporitanblastozoans is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019).[89]
A study on the morphology of the feeding ambulacral system in the Ordovician diploporitan Eumorphocystis, as indicated by data from well-preserved specimens from the Bromide Formation (Oklahoma, United States), is published by Sheffield & Sumrall (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that Eumorphocystis was closely related to crinoids and that crinoids are nested within blastozoans;[90] their conclusions about the relationship between Eumorphocystis and crinoids are subsequently contested by Guensburg et al. (2020).[91]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Macurdablastus uniplicatus is published by Bauer, Waters & Sumrall (2019).[92]
A study on the morphology and phylogenetic relationships of Hexedriocystis is published online by Zamora & Sumrall (2019), who consider this taxon to be a blastozoan.[93]
A study on the morphology of Cupulocrinus and on its implications for inferring the origin of the flexible crinoids is published by Peter (2019).[95]
A study on the phylogenetic relationships of diplobathrid crinoids is published by Cole (2019).[96]
A study on the biological and ecological controls on duration of diplobathrid crinoid genera is published online by Cole (2019).[97]
A study on the macro-evolutionary patterns of body-size trends of cyrtocrinid crinoids is published by Brom (2019).[98]
A study on patterns of paleocommunity structure and niche partitioning in crinoids from the Ordovician (Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte (Ontario, Canada) is published by Cole, Wright & Ausich (2019).[99]
A study on the anatomy of the nervous and circulatory systems of the Cretaceous crinoid Decameros ricordeanus and on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Saulsbury & Zamora (2019).[100]
A fossil brittle star belonging to the genus Ophiopetra, representing the first record of articulated brittle star from the Mesozoic of South America reported so far, is described from the Lower Cretaceous Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation (Argentina) by Fernández et al. (2019), who transfer the genus Ophiopetra to the family Ophionereididae within the order Amphilepidida.[103]
A crinoid. The type species is "Apiocrinus" constrictus von Hagenow in Quenstedt (1876); genus also includes "Bourgueticrinus" baculatus Klikushin (1982) and "Bourgueticrinus" danicus Brünnich Nielsen (1913).
A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is D. dentatus; genus also includes D. minutus, D. compactus and D. hoyezi.
A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida and the family Roveacrinidae. Originally described as a species of Drepanocrinus, but subsequently transferred to the genus Striacrinus.[114]
A crinoid belonging to the group Roveacrinida and the family Roveacrinidae. The type species is "Roveacrinus" euglypheus Peck (1943); genus also includes "R." pyramidalis Peck (1943).
A crinoid. The type species is "Eugeniacrinus" pyriformis Münster in Goldfuss (1826); genus also includes "Conocrinus" cazioti Valette (1924), "Conocrinus" handiaensis Roux (1978) and "Conocrinus" romanensis Roux & Plaziat (1978), as well as a new species P. pellati.
A crinoid. The type species is "Conocrinus" doncieuxi Roux (1978); genus also includes "Democrinus" maximus Brünnich Nielsen (1915) and "Conocrinus" tauricus Klikushin (1982).
A study on the feeding habits of conodonts, as indicated by data from calcium stable isotopes, is published by Balter et al. (2019).[135]
A study on the variation of conodont element crystal structure throughout their evolutionary history is published online by Medici et al. (2019).[136]
A study on the evolution of platform-like P1 elements in conodonts, evaluating its possible link to ecology of conodonts, is published by Ginot & Goudemand (2019).[137]
A study on the impact of early Paleozoic environmental changes on evolution and paleoecology of conodonts from the Canadian part of Laurentia is published online by Barnes (2019).[138]
A study on the morphology, occurrences and biostratigraphical value of Paroistodus horridus is published online by Mestre & Heredia (2019).[139]
A revision of the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of the Late Ordovician genera Tasmanognathus and Yaoxianognathus is published by Yang et al. (2019).[140]
A study on the composition and architecture of the apparatus of Erismodus quadridactylus is published by Dhanda et al. (2019).[141]
A study on fossils of members of the genus Alternognathus from the Upper Devonian of the Kowala quarry (central Poland), attempting to calibrate the course of their ontogeny in days and documenting cyclic mortality events, is published by Świś (2019).[143]
The apparatus of Vogelgnathus simplicatus is reconstructed from discrete elements from a sample of limited diversity from the Carboniferous strata from Ireland by Sanz-López, Blanco-Ferrera & Miller (2019).[144]
Neospathodid conodont elements with partly preserved basal body (one of two main parts of conodont elements, besides the crown) are reported from the Lower Triassic of Oman by Souquet & Goudemand (2019), who interpret their finding as indicating that the absence of basal bodies in post-Devonian conodonts was due to a preservational bias only.[145]
Natural assemblages of conodonts, preserving possible impressions of "eyes", are described from the Lower Triassic pelagic black claystones of the North Kitakami Belt (Japan) by Takahashi, Yamakita & Suzuki (2019).[146]
A study on the composition of the apparatus of Nicoraella, based on data from clusters from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota (Yunnan, China), is published by Huang et al. (2019).[147]
The architecture of apparatus of Nicoraella kockeli is reconstructed by Huang et al. (2019), who also evaluate proposed functional interpretations of the conodont feeding apparatus.[148]
A study on Middle Triassic conodont assemblages from Jenzig section of the Jena Formation and Troistedt section of the Meissner Formation (Germany) is published by Chen et al. (2019), who also study the morphology of the apparatuses of Neogondolella haslachensis and Nicoraella germanica, and review and revise the species Neogondolella mombergensis.[149]
A study evaluating the quantitative morphological variation of P1 conodont elements within and between seven conodont morphospecies from the Pizzo Mondello section (Sicily, Italy) and their evolution within 7 million years around the Carnian/Norian boundary is published by Guenser et al. (2019).[150]
A study on the taphonomy of basal tissue of conodont elements is published online by Suttner & Kido (2019).[151]
A member of the family Gondolellidae. The type species is "Neogondolella" composita Dagys (1984); genus also includes "Neogondolella" griesbachensis Orchard (2007), "Neogondolella" mongeri Orchard (2007); Siberigondolella altera (Klets), S. siberica (Dagys) and S. jakutensis (Dagys).
A study on the morphological diversity and morphological changes of the humeri of Paleozoic and Triassic synapsids through time is published by Lungmus & Angielczyk (2019).[161]
A study on the diversity of patterns of skull shape (focusing on the relative lengths of the face and braincase regions of the skull) in non-mammalian synapsids is published by Krone, Kammerer & Angielczyk (2019).[162]
Description of new skull remains of Echinerpeton intermedium and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published online by Mann & Paterson (2019).[164]
Fossil material of a large carnivorous synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae is described from the Torre del Porticciolo locality (Italy) by Romano et al. (2019), representing the first carnivorous non-therapsidsynapsid from the Permian of Italy reported so far, and one of the few known from Europe.[165]
Description of the morphology and histology of a small neural spine from the Early Permian Richards Spur locality (Oklahoma, United States) attributable to Dimetrodon is published by Brink, MacDougall & Reisz (2019), who also report evidence from fossil teeth indicative of presence of a derived species of Dimetrodon (otherwise typical of later, Kungurian localities of Texas and Oklahoma) at the Richards Spur locality.[166]
A study on the adaptations to herbivory in the teeth of members of the family Tapinocephalidae is published by Whitney & Sidor (2019).[169]
An almost complete skeleton of Tapinocaninus pamelae, providing new information on the anatomy of the appendicular skeleton of this species (including the first accurate vertebral count for a dinocephalian), is described from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa by Rubidge, Govender & Romano (2019).[170]
Romano & Rubidge (2019) present body mass estimates for a well preserved and complete skeleton of Tapinocaninus pamelae from the lowermost Beaufort Group of South Africa.[171]
A study on the skull anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Styracocephalus platyrhynchus is published by Fraser-King et al. (2019).[172]
A study on the evolution of the sacral vertebrae of dicynodonts is published by Griffin & Angielczyk (2019).[173]
A study on the diversity of dicynodonts from the Upper Permian Naobaogou Formation (China) is published by Liu (2019).[174]
A study on skulls of South American dicynodonts, aiming to determine whether the differences in skull morphology were related to differences in feeding function, is published by Ordonez et al. (2019).[175]
New fossil material of Endothiodon tolani is described from the Permian K5 Formation of the Metangula Graben (Mozambique) by Macungo et al. (2019).[176]
Small dicynodont skull assigned to the genus Digalodon is described from the Lopingian upper Madumabisa Mudstone Formation (Zambia) by Angielczyk (2019), expanding known geographic range of this genus.[178]
Digital endocast of Rastodon procurvidens is reconstructed by de Simão-Oliveira, Kerber & Pinheiro (2019), who evaluate biological implications of the endocast morphology of this species.[179]
A study on the body mass of Lisowicia bojani is published online by Romano & Manucci (2019).[181]
A study on fossils of a putative Cretaceous dicynodont from Australia reported by Thulborn & Turner (2003)[182] is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be of Pliocene-Pleistocene age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably a diprotodontid.[183]
A study aiming to determine patterns of morphological and phylogenetic diversity of therocephalians throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grunert, Brocklehurst & Fröbisch (2019).[184]
A study on variation in rates of body size evolution of therocephalians is published by Brocklehurst (2019).[185]
A study on the morphology of the manus of a new therocephalian specimen referable to the genus Tetracynodon from the Early Triassic of South Africa, and on the evolution of the manus morphology of therocephalians, is published by Fontanarrosa et al. (2019).[186]
A study on patterns of nonmammalian cynodont species richness and the quality of their fossil record is published by Lukic-Walther et al. (2019).[187]
A study on the morphology and bone histology of the postcranial skeleton of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Butler, Abdala & Botha-Brink (2019).[188]
Redescription of the anatomy of the skull of Galesaurus planiceps is published by Pusch, Kammerer & Fröbisch (2019).[189]
Description of teeth of all known diademodontid and trirachodontid cynodont taxa is published by Hendrickx, Abdala & Choiniere (2019), who also propose a standardized list of anatomical terms and abbreviations in the study of gomphodont teeth, assign Sinognathus and Beishanodon to the family Trirachodontidae, and consider all specimens previously referred to the species Cricodon kannemeyeri to be younger individuals of Trirachodon berryi.[190]
Hypsodont postcanine teeth of Menadon besairiei are described by Melo et al. (2019), who also study patterns of dental growth and replacement in this species.[192]
A skull of a member of the species Massetognathus ochagaviae is described from the CarnianSantacruzodon Assemblage Zone of the Santa Maria Supersequence (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) by Schmitt et al. (2019).[194]
Description of brain endocasts of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum and Exaeretodon riograndensis, using virtual models based on computed tomography scan data, is published by Pavanatto, Kerber & Dias-da-Silva (2019).[195]
Description of new fossil material of Siriusgnathus niemeyerorum from the Upper Triassic Caturrita Formation (Brazil) and a study on the age of its fossils is published online by Miron et al. (2019).[196]
A study on the evolution of infraorbital maxillary canal in probainognathian cynodonts and on its implications for the knowledge of evolution of mobile whiskers in non-mammalian synapsids, as indicated by data from skulls of non-mammalian probainognathian cynodonts and early mammaliaforms, is published online by Benoit et al. (2019).[197]
Digital skull endocast of a specimen of Riograndia guaibensis is reconstructed by Rodrigues et al. (2019).[198]
Description of the anatomy of the first postcranial specimens referable to Riograndia guaibensis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).[199]
A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of Brasilodon quadrangularis is published by Guignard, Martinelli & Soares (2019).[200]
A study on tooth wear patterns of members of the family Tritylodontidae and on their possible diet is published by Kalthoff et al. (2019).[201]
Possible cynodont teeth, which might be the most recent non-mammaliaform cynodont fossils from Africa reported so far, are described from the Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous locality of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, eastern Morocco) by Lasseron (2019).[202]
A study on the origin of the mammalian middle earossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro-Díaz, Esteve-Altava & Rasskin-Gutman (2019).[203]
A study on the evolution of the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column, as indicated by data from mammals and non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Jones, Angielczyk & Pierce (2019).[204]
A member of the family Edaphosauridae; a new genus for "Naosaurus" mirabilis Fritsch (1895). Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
A member of Varanopidae. Genus includes new species D. unamakiensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it is scheduled to be published in 2020.
An early member of Sphenacodontia; a new genus for "Haptodus" grandis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
A gigantic dicynodont reaching an estimated body mass of 9 tons. The type species is L. bojani. Announced in 2018; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2019.
A member of the family Edaphosauridae. Genus includes new species R. robustus. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
An animal which might be a stem-lineage derivative of Scalidophora. Genus includes new species D. kuanchuanpuensis. Announced in 2019; the final version of the article naming it was published in 2020.
A small invertebrate of uncertain phylogenetic placement, sharing characters with both tardigrades and mites, but belonging to neither group. The type species is S. dominicana.
A study on moulds of animals belonging to the group Proarticulata from the southeastern White Sea area (Russia), and on their implications for the knowledge of the morphology of integuments of members of Proarticulata, is published by Ivantsov, Zakrevskaya & Nagovitsyn (2019).[255]
A study on accumulations of Ernietta from the Witputs subbasin (Namibia), and on their implications for the knowledge of ecology of these organisms, is published by Gibson et al. (2019).[256]
A diverse assemblage of tubular fossils – dominated by typical Ediacaran organisms such as Cloudina and Sinotubulites, but also preserving fossils showing similarities to early Cambrian shelly fossils – is described from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China) by Cai et al. (2019).[257]
Letsch et al. (2019) report late Ediacaran discoidal Ediacara-type fossils and latest Ediacaran to early Cambrianmicrofossils from the Tabia and the Tifnout members of the Adoudou Formation (Morocco), constituting the oldest known direct evidence for presumably animal life from Northwest Africa.[258]
A study on the anatomy of Charnia masoni is published by Dunn et al. (2019).[260]
A study evaluating whether Dickinsonia was capable of mobility is published by Evans, Gehling & Droser (2019).[261]
A study comparing the biomechanical responses of tissues of Dickinsonia to various forces with those typical of modern organisms is published by Evans et al. (2019).[262]
A study on the anatomy, growth and phylogenetic relationships of Arborea arborea is published by Dunn, Liu & Gehling (2019).[263]
A study on fossil molds and casts from the Ordovician of Morocco and the Devonian of New York, as well as on Ediacaran mold and cast fossils from South Australia, the White Sea region of Russia, Namibia and Newfoundland, is published by MacGabhann et al. (2019), who evaluate how faithfully the fossils represent the original organisms, and whether the first animals to evolve on Earth could have been fossilized in a way similar to eldoniids from the Tafilalt Lagerstätte of Morocco.[265]
A study on the timing of the development of reef biodiversity, based on data from microbial-archaeocyathan reefs of the Salaagol Formation in Mongolia and other early Paleozoic reefs, is published by Cordie et al. (2019).[267]
A study on the morphological diversity of archaeocyaths is published by Cordie & Dornbos (2019).[268]
Description of jaw apparatus of Plumulites bengtsoni from the Fezouata Formation of Morocco, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of machaeridians, is published by Parry et al. (2019).[270]
Description of internal anatomical features of Canadia spinosa identified as remnants of the nervous system is published by Parry & Caron (2019).[271]
A massive deposit composed of fossil serpulid worm tubes dating to the late Pleistocene is reported from the Santa Monica Basin off the coast of southern California by Georgieva et al. (2019).[273]
A study on the microstructure of hyolith conchs and opercula from the lower CambrianXinji Formation of North China, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of Hyolitha, is published by Li et al. (2019).[274]
Description of soft parts associated with the feeding apparatus of the hyolith Triplicatella opimus from the Chengjiang biota of South China, and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the phylogenetic affinities of hyoliths, is published online by Liu et al. (2019).[275]
A study on the anatomy of Amiskwia sagittiformis is published by Vinther & Parry (2019), who interpret two reflective patches present in fossils of this species, previously interpreted as paired cerebral ganglia, as a pair of pharyngeal jaws similar to those of gnathiferans.[277]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic affinities of Amiskwia sagittiformis is published by Caron & Cheung (2019).[278]
A reassessment of radiodontan fossils known from the CambrianKinzers Formation (Pennsylvania, United States) is published by Pates & Daley (2019), who argue that at least four radiodontan taxa are known from this formation, and confirm that Anomalocaris pennsylvanica is a distinct species from A. canadensis.[282]
A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a stem-arthropod Guangweicaris spinatus is published by Wu & Liu (2019).[284]
A fossil interpreted as a partial mold of a specimen of Paropsonema cryptophya is described from the Middle-Upper Devonian of New York by Hagadorn & Allmon (2019), representing the most recent occurrence of the paropsonemids reported so far.[285]
A study evaluating the utility of eye melanosomes for determination of the phylogenetic affinities of Tullimonstrum is published by Rogers et al. (2019).[286]
A member of the family Nummulitidae. The type species is "Operculina (Nummulitoides)" azilensis Tambareau (1966); genus also includes new species T. russeiesensis.
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally classified as an animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a sponge or a bivalved arthropod; Slater & Budd (2019) contested its animal affinity, and considered its fossil material to be more likely collapsed hollow organic spheroidal acritarchs belonging to the genus Leiosphaeridia.[307][308] Genus includes new species C. ovata.
An organism of uncertain affinities, originally described as a liverwort belonging to the group Sphaerocarpales. Genus includes new species J. sibylla.
A microfossil. Genus includes new species M. formosa. The generic name is preoccupied by Membranosphaera Samoilovitch in Samoilovitch and Mtchedlishvili (1961); Shang & Liu (2024) coined a replacement name Membranospinosphaera.[315]
A vase-shaped microfossil representing tests of protists. The type species is "Cycliocyrillium" rootsi Cohen, Irvine & Strauss (2017); Morais et al. (2019) corrected the suffix for the specific epithet to rootsii.
A microfossil. Genus includes new species V. minima. The generic name is preoccupied by Verrucosphaera Górka (1970); Shang & Liu (2024) coined a replacement name Spinomargosphaera.[315]
Research
Putative traces of life older than 3.95 Ga, reported from northern Labrador (Canada) by Tashiro et al. (2017)[326] are reevaluated by Whitehouse et al. (2019).[327]
Description of cellularly preserved microfossils from ~3.4 Ga-old deposits of the Kromberg Formation (South Africa), providing information on reproduction patterns of these organisms, is published by Kaźmierczak & Kremer (2019).[328]
El Albani et al. (2019) describe 2.1 billion-year-old fossils belonging to the Francevillian biota of Gabon, including pyritized string-shaped structures interpreted as produced by a multicellular or syncytial organism able to migrate laterally and vertically to reach food resources.[329]
A study on ca. 1.9 Ga hairpin-shaped trace fossils and discoid fossils from the Stirling Range Formation (Western Australia) is published by Retallack & Mao (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of early life on land.[330]
A study on organic-walled microfossils from the Cailleach Head Formation (Torridon Group, Scotland) is published by Wacey et al. (2019), who report exceptional preservation of sub-cellular detail in selected cells.[331]
Lehn, Horodyski & Paim (2019) report the first known occurrence of Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils preserved in fine-grained siliciclastic strata of the Camaquã Basin (southernmost Brazil).[334]
A study on the structure, developmental biology and affinities of Caveasphaera costata from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (China) is published by Yin et al. (2019).[335]
A study on possible cells and their appendages in fossils of Epiphyton from the Wuliuan of the North China Platform, and on their implications for the classification of this taxon, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).[336]
A new method of assessing the morphology of fossil radiolarian specimens is presented by Kachovich, Sheng & Aitchison (2019), who apply their method to six specimens from the Cambrian Inca Formation (Australia) and Ordovician Piccadilly Formation (Canada) and evaluate the implications of their method for the studies of radiolarian evolution.[338]
Research related to paleontology that concerns multiple groups of the organisms listed above.
Experiments indicating that abiotic chemical gardening can mimic structures interpreted as the oldest known fossil microorganisms in both morphology and composition are conducted by McMahon (2019).[339]
A study on biomarkers recovered from cap dolomites of the Araras Group (Brazil), interpreted as evidence of the transition from a bacterial to eukaryotic dominated ecosystem after the Marinoan deglaciation, likely caused by massive bacterivorous grazing by ciliates, is published by van Maldegem et al. (2019).[340]
Biomarkers thought to be diagnostic for demosponges and cited as evidence of rise of animals to ecological importance prior to the Cambrian radiation are reported to be also synthesized by rhizarians by Nettersheim et al. (2019), who place the oldest unambiguous evidence for animals closer to the Cambrian Explosion.[341][342][343]
A study on crucial conditions affecting the evolution of a proto-metabolism in early life is published by Goldford et al. (2019).[344]
A study on the age of the Ediacaran fossils from the Podolya Basin (southwestern Ukraine) is published by Soldatenko et al. (2019).[345]
A study on occurrences of body and trace fossils in Ediacaran and lower Cambrian (Fortunian) rocks around the world is published by Muscente et al. (2019), who report evidence indicative of existence of a global, cosmopolitan assemblage unique to terminal Ediacaran strata, living between two episodes of biotic turnover which might be the earliest mass extinctions of complex life.[346]
A study on the diversification of animals and their behaviour in the Ediacaran–Cambrian interval, as indicated by fossil and environmental proxy records, is published by Woodet al. (2019), who interpret the fossil record as indicating that the rise of early animals was more likely a series of successive, transitional radiation events which extended from the Ediacaran to the early Paleozoic, rather than competitive or biotic replacement of the latest Ediacaran biotas by markedly distinct Cambrian ones.[347]
A study comparing the variability of Ediacaran faunal assemblages to that of more recent fossil and modern benthic assemblages is published by Finnegan, Gehling & Droser (2019).[348]
A study on the intensity of animal bioturbation and ecosystem engineering in trace fossil assemblages throughout the latest Ediacaran Nama Group (Namibia), evaluating the implications of this data for the knowledge of the causes of the disappearance of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Cribb et al. (2019).[349]
A study on the relationship between atmospheric oxygen oscillations, the extent of shallow-ocean oxygenation and the animal biodiversity in the Cambrian period is published by He et al. (2019).[351]
A study on the course of the transition from microbial-dominated reef environments to animal-based reefs in the early Cambrian, as indicated by data from strata in the western Basin and Range of California and Nevada, is published by Cordie, Dornbos & Marenco (2019).[352]
A study on the marine biodiversity changes throughout the first 120 million years of the Phanerozoic is published by Rasmussen et al. (2019).[358]
A study aiming to determine factors influencing early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity is published by Penny & Kröger (2019).[359]
A study on rates of origination and extinction at the genus level throughout early Paleozoic is published by Kröger, Franeck & Rasmussen (2019), who also present estimates of longevity, taxon age and taxon life expectancy of early Paleozoic marine genera.[360]
A review of biodiversity curves of marine organisms throughout early Paleozoic, indicating the occurrence of a large-scale, long-term radiation of life that started during late Precambrian time and was only finally interrupted in the Devonian Period, is published online by Harper, Cascales-Miñana & Servais (2019).[361]
A study on processes causing fluctuations of biodiversity of marine invertebrates throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Rominger, Fuentes & Marquet (2019).[362]
A study on the impact of environmental changes on the biodiversity of North American marine organisms throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Roberts & Mannion (2019).[363]
A study testing the hypothesis that the influence of ocean chemistry and climate on the ecological success of marine calcifiers decreased throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Eichenseer et al. (2019).[364]
A study on genus origination and extinction rates in the Ordovician on a global scale, for the paleocontinentsBaltica and Laurentia, and for onshore and offshore areas, is published by Franeck & Liow (2019).[365]
A review of occurrence data of latest Ordovician benthic marine organisms is published by Wang, Zhan & Percival (2019), who evaluate the implications of the studied data for the knowledge of the course of the end-Ordovician mass extinction.[368]
A study on the course of graptolite extinctions during the middle Homerian biotic crisis and on the impact of this crisis on other marine invertebrates, as indicated by data from the Kosov Quarry section of the Prague Synform (Czech Republic), is published by Manda et al. (2019).[370]
Well-preserved fossil cryptic biota is reported from the submarine cavities of the Devonian (Emsian to Givetian) mud mounds in the Hamar Laghdad area (Morocco) by Berkowski et al. (2019).[371]
A study aiming to test and quantify the classification of Devonian biogeographic areas, based on distributional data of Devonian trilobite, brachiopod and fish taxa, is published by Dowding & Ebach (2019).[372]
A study on patterns of local richness of terrestrial tetrapods throughout the Phanerozoic is published by Close et al. (2019).[373]
Description of tetrapod and fish fossils from the coastal locality of Burnmouth, Scotland (Ballagan Formation), associated plant material and sedimentological context of these fossils is published by Clacket al. (2019), who interpret these fossils as evidence of the potential richness of the Tournaisian fauna, running counter to the assumption of a depauperate nonmarine fauna following the end-DevonianHangenberg event.[374]
A study on the impact of climate changes during the Carboniferous–Permian transition on the evolution of land-living vertebrates is published by Pardo et al. (2019).[375]
A study aiming to test one of the scenarios proposed by Robert L. Carroll in 1970 to explain the origin of the amniotic egg, based on data from Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods, is published by Didier, Chabrol & Laurin (2019).[376]
An overview of the studies researching biodiversity changes in the Permian and their links to volcanism is published by Chen & Xu (2019).[377]
Haridy et al. (2019) report the occurrence of overgrowth of palatal dentition of Cacops and Captorhinus by a new layer of bone to which the newest teeth are then attached (the overgrowth pattern also documented in early fishes), and evaluate the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the origin of teeth.[378]
A study on the severity of the end-Guadalupian extinction event is published online by Rampino & Shen (2019).[379]
A study on the ecology of Permian tetrapods from the Abrahamskraal Formation (South Africa), as indicated by stable oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate from teeth and bones used as a proxy for water dependence, is published online by Rey et al. (2019).[380]
Two Permian tetrapod assemblages, recovered from the northernmost point at which the lowest Beaufort Group has been targeted for collecting fossils, are reported from the southern Free State (South Africa) by Groenewald, Day & Rubidge (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of faunal provincialism within the Middle to Late Permian Karoo Basin.[381]
A study aiming to determine which Permian tetrapod assemblage zones are present in the vicinity of Victoria West (Northern Cape, South Africa), and to reassess the biostratigraphic provenance of specimens collected historically in this area (including the holotype of Lycaenops ornatus), is published by Day & Rubidge (2019).[382]
A study on the timing of the extinction of latest Permian vertebrates in the Karoo Basin of South Africa is published online by Rampinoet al. (2019).[384]
A study on the identification and position of the terrestrial end-Permian mass extinction in southern African sediments, based on data from a new site in the South African Karoo Basin, is published online by Botha et al. (2019).[385]
A study on the functional diversity of middle Permian and Early Triassic marine paleocommunities in the area of present-day western United States, and on its implications for the knowledge of functional re-organization of these communities in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published by Dineen, Roopnarine & Fraiser (2019).[386]
A study aiming to explain high biodiversity preserved in the Triassic Cassian Formation (Italy) is published online by Roden et al. (2019).[387]
A study on shark, sizable carnivorous archosaur, big herbivorous tetrapod and probable turtle bromalites (coprolites and possibly some cololites) from a turtle-dominated fossil assemblage from the Upper Triassic Poręba site (Poland) is published by Bajdek et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the diet of the Triassic turtle Proterochersis porebensis.[388]
A study on the patterns and processes of recovery of marine fauna after the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire, United Kingdom), is published by Caswell & Dawn (2019).[390]
A study on changes of land vegetation resulting from the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is published by Slater et al. (2019).[391]
Skeletal elements of Oxfordian ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs are reported from the Kingofjeld mountain (north-east Greenland) by Delsett & Alsen (2019).[392]
A study on microvertebrate fossils from the Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous of Ksar Metlili (Anoual Syncline, Morocco), evaluating their palaeobiogeographical implications, and on the age of this fauna, is published online by Lasseron et al. (2019).[394]
Description of mid-Cretaceous invertebrate fauna from Batavia Knoll (eastern Indian Ocean), and a study on its similarities to other Cretaceous faunas from around the Indian Ocean, is published by Wild & Stilwell (2019).[395]
A study on the age of the vertebrate fauna from the Cretaceous Cerro Barcino Formation (Argentina) is published online by Krause et al. (2019).[396]
Possible amphibian, gastropod and insect egg masses are described from the Cretaceous amber from Myanmar by Xing et al. (2019).[397]
A study on coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous deposits in the Münster Basin (northwestern Germany), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of Cretaceous trophic structures and predator–prey interactions, is published by Qvarnström et al. (2019).[398]
Turonian marine vertebrate fossils from the Huehuetla quarry (Puebla, Mexico) are described by Alvarado-Ortega et al. (2019).[400]
A study on the biogeography of Cretaceous terrestrial tetrapods is published by Kubo (2019).[401]
A study on the structure and contents of a large piece of amber attached to a jaw of a specimen of Prosaurolophus maximus from the Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation (Alberta, Canada), evaluating the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the habitat and taphonomy of the dinosaur, is published by McKellar et al. (2019).[402]
An accumulation of fossil eggshells of bird, crocodylomorph and gekkotan eggs is reported from the Late Cretaceous Oarda de Jos locality in the vicinity of the city of Sebeș (Romania) by Fernández et al. (2019).[403]
A review of the fossil record of Late Cretaceous and Paleogene vertebrates from the Seymour Island (Antarctica) is published by Reguero (2019).[404]
A study on calcareous nanoplankton and planktic foraminiferal assemblages in a Cretaceous-Paleogene section from the peak ring of the Chicxulub crater, and on their implications for the knowledge of recovery of plankton after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is published by Jones, Lowery & Bralower (2019).[406]
A study on the course of recovery of the nanoplankton communities after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is published by Alvarez et al. (2019), who report evidence indicative of 1.8 million years of exceptional volatility of post-extinction communities and indicating that the emergence of a more stable equilibrium-state community coincided with indicators of carbon cycle restoration and a fully functioning biological pump.[407]
A study on the timing and nature of recovery of benthic marine ecosystems of Antarctica after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from fossils of benthic molluscs, is published by Whittle et al. (2019).[408]
A study on the drivers and tempo of biotic recovery after Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction, as indicated by data from the Corral Bluffs section of the Denver Basin (Colorado, United States), is published by Lyson et al. (2019).[409]
Description of the vertebrate assemblage from the Oligocene Shine Us locality in the Khaliun Basin (Mongolia) is published by Daxner-Höck et al. (2019).[410]
Description of reptile and amphibian fossils from the early Miocene localities of the Kilçak section (Turkey) is published by Syromyatnikova et al. (2019).[411]
Description of fossil fish, amphibian and reptilian fauna from the middle Miocene locality Gračanica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) is published online by Vasilyan (2019).[412]
A study on the vertebrate fossils from the early Clarendonian localities within the Goliad Formation in Bee and Live Oak Counties in Texas (comprising the Lapara Creek Fauna), and on the stratigraphic context of these localities, is published by May (2019).[413]
New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent and xenarthran fossils (among which is the oldest record of an armadillo belonging to the genus Dasypus reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation, Argentina) by Ercoli et al. (2019).[414]
Description of a diverse late Miocene marine fauna from the Bloomfield Quarry (Wilson Grove Formation; California, United States), including the most diverse assemblage of fossil walruses yet reported worldwide from a single locality, is published by Powell et al. (2019).[415]
Fish, turtle and mammals fossils are described from a locality near Whitehorse (Yukon, Canada), probably of Miocene age, by Eberle et al. (2019).[416]
A study on microscopic traces of hominin and animal activities in the Denisova Cave (Russia), providing the information on the use of this cave over the last 300,000 years, is published by Morley et al. (2019).[417]
A study on the age of the Pleistocene vertebrate assemblage from the Khok Sung locality (Thailand) is published by Duval et al. (2019).[418]
Revision of reptile and amphibian fossils from the late Pleistocene collection of the "Caverne Marie-Jeanne" (Hastière-Lavaux, Namur Province, Belgium) is published by Blain et al. (2019).[419]
New late Pleistocene site Tsaramody (Sambaina basin, Madagascar), preserving diverse subfossil remains of vertebrates, is reported by Samonds et al. (2019).[420]
A study on the paleoecology and diet of late Pleistocene terrestrial vertebrates known from an asphalt deposit (Project 23, Deposit 1) at Rancho La Brea (California, United States) is published online by Fuller et al. (2019).[421]
Late Quaternary fossils of vertebrates are described from caves in the Manning Karst Region of eastern New South Wales (Australia) by Price et al. (2019).[423]
A study aiming to determine the relationships between extinctions of megafauna, climatic changes and patterns of human appearance in south-eastern Australia over the last 120,000 years is published by Saltré et al. (2019).[424]
A review discussing possible links between the fossil record of marine biodiversity, nutrient availability and primary productivity is published online by Martin & Servais (2019).[426]
A study on factors which determined the relative intensity of marine extinctions during greenhouse–icehouse transitions in the Late Ordovician and the Cenozoic is published online by Saupe et al. (2019).[427]
A study on the possible relationship between speciation and extinction rates of different groups of organisms and the ages of these groups, as indicated by data from extant and fossil species, is published by Henao Diaz et al. (2019).[428][429][430]
A study on the evolution of bite force of amniotes, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Sakamoto, Ruta & Venditti (2019).[431]
A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges of tooth enamel) in aquatic reptiles and mammals, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurry et al. (2019).[432]
A study on the impact of uncertainty of stratigraphic age of fossils on studies estimating species divergence times which incorporate fossil taxa, based on data from the fossil record of North American mammals and from the dataset of extant and fossil cetaceans, is published by Barido-Sottani et al. (2019).[433]
A study evaluating the impact of information about stratigraphic ranges of fossil taxa on the analyses of timing of evolutionary divergence is published online by Püschel et al. (2019).[434]
A study on anatomical distribution, abundance, geometry, melanin chemistry and elemental inventory of melanosomes in tissues of extant vertebrates, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of internal soft-tissue anatomy in fossil vertebrates, is published by Rossi et al. (2019).[435]
A study on the biological oxygen production during the Mesoarchean, as indicated by data from Mesoarchean shales of the Mozaan Group (Pongola Supergroup, South Africa) preserving record of a shallow ocean "oxygen oasis", is published by Ossa Ossa et al. (2019).[437]
A study on the extent of the oxygenation of ocean waters over continental shelves before the Great Oxidation Event, as indicated by data from 2.5-billion-year-old Mount McRae Shale (Australia), is published by Ostrander et al. (2019).[438]
A study on the extent of the oxygenation of shallow oceans 2.45 billion years ago is published by Rasmussen et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that oxygen levels both the surface oceans and atmosphere were exceedingly low before the Great Oxidation Event, which the authors interpret as directly caused by evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis.[439]
A study aiming to determine whether the overall size of the biosphere decreased at the end of the Great Oxidation Event, based on data on isotope geochemistry of sulfate minerals from the Belcher Group (subarctic Canada), is published by Hodgskiss et al. (2019).[440]
Evidence of a burst of mantle activity at the end of the Archean (around 2.5 billion years ago) is presented by Marty et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as lending credence to models advocating a magmatic origin for environmental changes such as the Great Oxidation Event.[441]
A study aiming to determine the effects of competition of early anoxygenicphototrophs and primitive oxygenic phototrophs on the Earth system, especially on the large-scale oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere ~2.3 billion years ago, is published by Ozaki et al. (2019).[442]
A study on the geochemistry of mat-related structures and their host sediments from the Francevillian Formation (Gabon) is published by Aubineau et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge whether ancient microbes induced illitisation (conversion of smectite to illite–smectite mixed-layer minerals), and for the knowledge of Earth's climate and ocean chemistry in the Paleoproterozoic.[443]
A study on the organic geochemical (biomarker) signatures of the 1.38-billion-years-old black siltstones of the Velkerri Formation (Australia), and on their implications for inferring the microbial diversity and palaeoenvironment of the Proterozoic Roper Seaway, is published by Jarrett et al. (2019).[444]
A study on the origins of putative stromatolites and associated carbonate minerals from lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the 1.1-billion-years-old Stoer Group is published by Brasier et al. (2019).[445]
A study suggesting a link between early evolution and diversification of animals and high availability of copper in the late Neoproterozoic is published by Parnell & Boyce (2019).[446]
A study aiming to determine the cause of the uniquely high amplitudes of Neoproterozoic δ13C excursions is published by Shields et al. (2019).[447]
A study evaluating the possible relationship between the Cryogenian magmatic activity and the evolution of early life, based on data from the Cryogenian Yaolinghe Group (China), is published by Long, Zhang & Luo (2019).[448]
Evidence for oxygenated waters near ice sheet grounding lines during the Cryogenian is presented by Lechte et al. (2019).[449]
A study on ocean oxygen levels during the Ediacaran Shuram negative C-isotope Excursion and the middle Ediacaran, and on their implications for the evolution of the Ediacaran biota, is published by Zhang et al. (2019).[450]
A study on the causes of widespread preservation of soft-bodied organisms in sandstones of the Ediacara Member in South Australia is published by Liu et al. (2019).[451]
A study on the seafloor oxygen fugacity in the time of the emergence of the earliest known benthic animals, as inferred from data from the latest Ediacaran Dengying Formation (China), is published by Ding et al. (2019).[452]
A study on the process of fossilization of Ediacaran organisms, and on its impact on the preservation of the external shape of these organisms, is published by Bobrovskiy et al. (2019).[453]
A study on the global extent of the oxygenation of seafloor, surface oceans and atmosphere during early Cambrian is published by Dahl et al. (2019), who report evidence of two major oceanic anoxic events in the early Cambrian.[454]
A study on nitrogen isotope and organic carbon isotope data from the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (China) is published online by Xu et al. (2019), who link nitrogen cycle perturbations to animal diversification during the early Cambrian.[455]
A study on the paleoecological characteristics of Cambrian marine ecosystems of central Sonora (Mexico) is published by Romero et al. (2019).[456]
A study on seawater temperatures during the Cambrian, as indicated by data from oxygen isotope analyses of Cambrian brachiopod shells, is published by Wotte et al. (2019).[457]
A study on bottom-water redox conditions in the late Cambrian Alum Shale Sea, as indicated by sedimentary molybdenum contents of the Alum Shale, is published by Dahl et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that anoxic sulfidic bottom waters were an intermittent rather than persistent feature of Cambrian oceans, and that early animals invaded the seafloor during oxygenated periods.[458]
A study on the paleogeographic position of all major Phanerozoic arc-continentcollisions, comparing it with the latitudinal distribution of ice-sheets throughout the Phanerozoic, is published by Macdonald et al. (2019).[459]
A study aiming to determine whether the Ordovician meteor event directly affected Earth's climate and biota is published by Schmitz et al. (2019).[460]
A review of the evidence of evolutionary radiation of animals throughout the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, and of environmental changes coincident with these biotic changes, is published by Stigall et al. (2019).[461]
A study on conodont oxygen isotope compositions in Ordovician samples from ArgentinePrecordillera and Laurentia, and on their implications for the knowledge of palaeothermometry and drift of the Precordillera in the early Paleozoic, is published online by Albanesi et al. (2019).[462]
A study on carbon isotope data from stratigraphic sections at Germany Valley (West Virginia) and Union Furnace (Pennsylvania) in the Central Appalachian Basin, evaluating its implications for the knowledge of change in atmospheric oxygen levels during the late Ordovician and its possible relationship with early diversification of land plants, is published by Adiatma et al. (2019).[463]
A study examining the intensity of explosive volcanism from 400 to 200 million years ago, and evaluating its impact on the late Paleozoic Ice Age, is published by Soreghan, Soreghan & Heavens (2019).[465]
Description of Cisuralian charcoal from the Barro Branco coal seam (Siderópolis Member of the Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil), and a study on its implications for reconstruction of palaeo-wildfire occurrences in peat-forming vegetation through the Late Palaeozoic in Gondwana, is published by Benicio et al. (2019).[466]
A study on the extent and causes of the end-Capitanian extinction event, based on data from the Middle to Late Permian section of the Sverdrup Basin (Ellesmere Island, Canada), is published online by Bond, Wignall & Grasby (2019).[467]
A study on the ocean chemistry during the Permian–Triassic extinction event, as indicated by data from a new stratigraphic section in Utah, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of this extinction, is published by Burger, Estrada & Gustin (2019).[468]
A study aiming to determine the stratigraphic position of the end-Permian biotic crisis in the Sydney Basin (Australia) is published by Fielding et al. (2019), who also attempt to determine the climate changes in this region concurrent with the end-Permian extinction.[469]
A study on shifts in volcanic activity across the Permian-Triassic boundary, as indicated by measurements of mercury in marine sections across the Northern Hemisphere, is published by Shen et al. (2019).[470]
A study on mercury enrichments in Permian-Triassic boundary sections from Lubei (South China craton) and Dalongkou (Junggar terrane), and on their implications for the knowledge of volcanic activity during the Permian-Triassic transition, is published by Shen et al. (2019).[471]
Evidence of the environmental transition from meandering to braided rivers and of the development of desert-like conditions in the earliest Triassic is reported from Permian-Triassic boundary sections in Shanxi (China) by Zhu et al. (2019).[472]
A study on the nitrogen isotope variations in oceanic waters in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction is published by Sun et al. (2019), whose conceptual model indicates ammonium intoxication of the oceans during this time period.[473]
A study on microbially induced sedimentary structures from the Lower Triassic Blind Fiord Formation (Arctic Canada), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the course of biotic recovery in the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, is published online by Wignall et al. (2019).[474]
A study on the oxygen isotope compositions of discrete conodont elements from the Lower Triassic Mianwali Formation (Pakistan), and on their implications for inferring the timing of temperature changes and the interrelationship between climate and biodiversity patterns during the Smithian-Spathian biotic crisis, is published by Goudemand et al. (2019).[475]
A study on nutrient availability through the Early to Middle Triassic along the northern margin of Pangea is published online by Grasby et al. (2019).[476]
A study on the character and extent of the Triassic Boreal Ocean delta plain across the area of the present-day Barents Sea, interpreted as the largest delta plain reported so far, is published by Klausen, Nyberg & Helland-Hansen (2019).[477]
A study aiming to determine links between volcanic activity in the Central Atlantic magmatic province, elevated concentrations of mercury in marine and terrestrial sediments and abnormalities of fossil fern spores across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany is published by Lindström et al. (2019).[478]
A study aiming to reconstruct the palaeoenvironmental changes of the late Pliensbachian outside of Western Tethys Ocean and to test their temporal relation to large igneous province volcanism is published by De Lena et al. (2019).[479]
Krencker, Lindström & Bodin (2019) present sedimentological, paleontological and geochemical evidence from the Central High Atlas Basin (Morocco) and Jameson Land (Greenland) indicative of the occurrence of a major sea-level drop prior to the onset of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event.[480]
A study on the duration of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event, as indicated by data from the Talghemt section in the High Atlas (Morocco), is published by Boulila et al. (2019).[481]
A study on the Middle Jurassic palaeoenvironment of La Voulte (France), as indicated by data from exceptionally preserved eyes of the polychelidan lobster Voulteryon parvulus and from epibiontic brachiopods associated with V. parvulus, is published by Audo et al. (2019).[482]
A study comparing the Jurassic floras of the Ayuquila Basin and the Otlaltepec Basin (Mexico) and evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the Jurassic environments of these basins is published by Velasco-de León et al. (2019).[483]
Evidence of repeated significant oceanic and biotic turnovers in the area of the present-day Gulf of Mexico at the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition is presented by Zell et al. (2019).[486]
A study on the age of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sediments of western Maestrazgo Basin and South-Iberian Basin (eastern Spain), aiming to also reconstruct the palaeoenvironments of this area on the basis of data from these sediments, is published by Campos-Soto et al. (2019).[487]
A review of data on the Jurassic and Cretaceous climates of Siberia is published by Rogov et al. (2019).[488]
A study on global climatic changes during the Early Cretaceous, focusing on the duration and magnitude of Early Cretaceous cold episodes, is published by Vickers et al. (2019).[489]
Evidence from the Lower Cretaceous strata around the southern margin of the Eromanga Basin (Australia) indicative of cold (limited glacial and/or seasonal freezing) conditions persisting in Southern Australia through the Hauterivian and the Aptian is presented by Alley, Hore & Frakes (2019).[490]
A study on phototropism in extant trees from Beijing and Jilin Provinces and fossil tree trunks from the JurassicTiaojishan and Tuchengzi formations in Liaoning and Beijing regions (China), and on its implications for inferring the history of the rotation of the North China Block, is published by Jiang et al. (2019).[491]
A study on the age of the Cretaceous Cloverly Formation is published by D'Emic et al. (2019).[492]
Evidence from the chronostratigraphy, fossil content, bracketing facies and ages of the Cretaceous Wayan Formation of Idaho and Vaughn Member of the Blackleaf Formation of Montana, indicating that they represent the same depositional system prior to disruption by subsequent tectonic and volcanic events, is presented by Krumenacker (2019).[493]
A study on Cenomanian plants from the Redmond no.1 mine near Schefferville (Redmond Formation; Labrador Peninsula, Canada) and on their implications for the knowledge of paleoclimate of this site is published by Demers-Potvin & Larsson (2019).[494]
A study on Cenomanian to Coniacian polar environmental conditions at eight locations in northeast Russia and northern Alaska is published online by Spicer et al. (2019).[498]
A study on variability of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen isotopes in multiple tissues from a wide array of extant vertebrate taxa from the Atchafalaya RiverBasin in Louisiana (inferred to be an environmental analogue to the Late Cretaceous coastal floodplains of North America), and on its implications for formulating and testing predictions about ancient ecological communities based on stable isotope data from fossil specimens, is published by Cullen et al. (2019).[499]
A study on the general distribution and stratigraphy of the lower shale member of the CampanianAguja Formation (Texas, United States), and a revision of all significant larger vertebrate fossil specimens from these strata, is published by Lehman et al. (2019).[500]
Studies on the timing of the Deccan Traps volcanism close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary are published by Schoene et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of four high-volume eruptive periods close to the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, the first of which occurred tens of thousands of years prior to both the Chicxulub bolide impact and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event[504] and by Sprain et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that a steady eruption of the flood basalts mostly occurred in the earliest Paleogene.[505]
A study on the environmental variability before and across the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, as inferred from data on the calcium isotope ratios of aragonitic mollusc shells from the Lopez de Bertodano Formation (Antarctica), is published online by Linzmeier et al. (2019).[506]
A turbulently deposited sediment package directly overlain by the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary tonstein is reported from the Tanis site (Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota, United States) by DePalma et al. (2019), who interpret their findings as indicating that deposition occurred shortly after a major bolide impact, and might have been caused by the Chicxulub impact.[507]
A study on the immediate aftermath of the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, based on data from the Chicxulub crater, is published by Gulick et al. (2019).[508]
Evidence of rapid ocean acidification in the aftermath of the Chicxulub impact and of the protracted Earth system recovery after the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event is presented by Henehan et al. (2019).[509]
The longest, highest resolution, stratigraphically continuous, single-species benthicforaminiferal carbon and oxygen isotope records for the Late Maastrichtian to Early Eocene from a single site in the South Atlantic Ocean, providing information on the evolution of climate and carbon-cycling during this time period, are presented by Barnet et al. (2019).[510]
O'Leary et al. (2019) publish a monograph on the sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of the part of Mali which was covered by an ancient epeiric sea known as the Trans-Saharan Seaway during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleogene, provide the first formal description of and nomenclature for the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene geological formations of this region, and revise fossil flora and fauna of this region.[511]
Zeebe & Lourens (2019) provide a new absolute astrochronology up to 58 Ma and a new Paleocene–Eocene boundary age.[512]
A study on stomata of fossil specimens of members of the family Lauraceae from the Eocene of Australia and New Zealand, evaluating their implications for reconstructions of Eocene pCO2 levels, is published by Steinthorsdottir et al. (2019).[513]
Climate simulations capturing major climatic features of the Early Eocene and the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in a state-of-the-art Earth system model are presented by Zhu, Poulsen & Tierney (2019).[514]
A study evaluating the utility of membrane lipids of members of Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota) as proxies for the carbon isotope excursion and surface ocean warming, and assessing their implications for the knowledge of the source and size of carbon emissions during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, is published by Elling et al. (2019).[515]
A study on abundant black charcoal shards from Paleogene sites of Wilson Lake B (New Jersey) and Randall's Farm (Maryland) is published by Fung et al. (2019), who interpret these shards as most likely to be evidence of widespread wildfires at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary caused by extraterrestrial impact.[516]
A study on the impact of carbon-based greenhouse gas fluxes associated with the North Atlantic Igneous Province on the onset of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum is published by Jones et al. (2019).[517]
Evidence from the Deep Ivorian Basin offshore West Africa (equatorial Atlantic Ocean), indicating that peak warming during the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum was associated with upper-ocean stratification, decreased export production, and possibly harmful algal blooms, is presented by Cramwinckel et al. (2019).[518]
New stable isotopes record of the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum event is reported from eastern Turkey by Giorgioni et al. (2019).[519]
A study on variations of ocean circulation and marine bioproductivity related to the beginnings of the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, based on data from Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary drift deposits east of New Zealand, is published by Sarkar et al. (2019).[520]
A study on changes in surface water temperature in the eastern North Sea Basin during the late Priabonian to earliest Rupelian is published by Śliwińska et al. (2019).[521]
A study linking the onset or strengthening of an Atlantic meridional overturning circulation to the closure of the Arctic–Atlantic gateway at the Eocene–Oligocene transition is published by Hutchinson et al. (2019).[522]
A study on the timing of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, as indicated by the discovery of the Oligocenepalm fossils in the Lunpola Basin in Tibet, is published by Su et al. (2019).[523]
A review of vertebrate fossils from the Tibetan Plateau, evaluating their implications for inferring the course of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, is published by Deng et al. (2019).[524]
A study on the impact of changing Eocene paleogeography and climate on the utility of stable isotope paleoaltimetry methods in the studies aiming to reconstruct the elevation history of the Tibetan Plateau is published by Botsyun et al. (2019).[525][526][527]
A study on the causes of the long-term climate cooling during the Neogene is published by Rugenstein, Ibarra & von Blanckenburg (2019).[528]
A study on the climatic and environmental conditions in the Loperot site (Kenya) in the early Miocene is published by Liutkus-Pierce et al. (2019).[529]
A study on the timing and course of the separation of the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea in the Miocene is published by Bialik et al. (2019).[530]
A study comparing changes of the export of intermediate-depth Pacific waters to the western North Atlantic prior to the closure of the Central American Seaway with records of strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, evaluating the implications of this data for the knowledge of the timing of closure of the Central American Seaway, is published by Kirillova et al. (2019).[531]
A study on climatic and environmental changes in central Andes during the late Miocene is published by Carrapa, Clementz & Feng (2019).[532]
A study on the exact age of the marine fauna from the Miocene Chilcatay and Pisco formations (Peru), and on its implications for reconstructions of local paleoenvironment, is published online by Bosio et al. (2019).[533]
A study on the origin of the African C4 savannah grasslands is published by Polissar et al. (2019).[534]
A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, suids and rhinocerotids from Kanapoi, and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019).[535]
New spatial data on the Plio-Pleistocene Bolt's Farm pits from the Cradle of Humankind site (South Africa) is presented by Edwards et al. (2019), who also attempt to provide key biochronological ages for the Bolt's Farm deposits.[536]
A study on the global mean sea level during the Pliocene mid-Piacenzian Warm Period is published by Dumitru et al. (2019).[537]
A study on the amplitude of sea-level variations during the Pliocene is published by Grant et al. (2019).[538]
Simulations of coevolution of climate, ice sheets and carbon cycle over the past 3 million years are presented by Willeit et al. (2019).[539]
A study on the age of the Sahara, as indicated by data from Pliocene and Pleistocene paleosols from the Canary Islands, is published by Muhs et al. (2019).[540]
A study on the latest Villafranchian climate and environment of the area of southern Italy, as indicated by amphibian and reptile fossil record from the Pirro Nord karstic complex, is published by Blain et al. (2019).[541]
A study on atmospheric gas levels before and after the shift from glacial cycles of 100 thousand years to 40-thousand-year cycles around one million years ago, as inferred from data from ice core samples from the Allan Hills Blue Ice Area (East Antarctica), is published by Yan et al. (2019).[542]
A study on pCO2 levels from 2.6 to 0.8 Ma is published by Da et al. (2019), who find no evidence indicating that the Mid-Pleistocene Transition was caused by the decline of pCO2.[543]
A study on changes in winter rainfall in the Mediterranean over the past 1.36 million years is published by Wagner et al. (2019).[544]
Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of tooth enamel samples from Pleistocene mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave (China) are presented by Sun et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China.[545]
A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave (Krabi Province, Thailand), including the southernmost known record of Crocuta crocuta ultima, is published by Suraprasit et al. (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene.[546]
A study on Acheulean and Middle Stone Age sites from the Eastern Desert (Sudan), preserving stone artifacts, is published by Masojć et al. (2019), who interpret these sites as evidence of green corridor or corridors across Sahara which made early hominin dispersal possible.[547]
Evidence from oxygen isotope data from Soreq Cavespeleothems (Israel), indicative of the occurrence of summer monsoon rainfall in the Middle East during recurrent intervals of the last interglacial period (overlapping with archeological indicators of human migration), is presented by Orland et al. (2019).[548]
A study on the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient peatlands in the past 130,000 years is published by Treat et al. (2019).[549]
A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in Portugal, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019).[550]
A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (Alcoy, Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations during Marine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoaga et al. (2019).[551]
A study on variations of size of fossil murine rodents from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatch et al. (2019).[553]
A study on human land use worldwide from 10,000 years before the present to 1850 CE, indicating that Earth was to a large extent transformed by human activity by 3000 years ago, is published by Stephens et al. (2019).[554]
Evidence for synchronous cyclical changes in monsoon climate, human activity and prehistoric cultural development in the area of northeast China throughout the Holocene is presented by Xu et al. (2019).[555]
A study on Andean plate tectonics since the late Mesozoic is published by Chen, Wu & Suppe (2019).[556]
A study on the course of the collision of India and Asia, as indicated by palaeomagnetic data from the Burma Terrane, is published by Westerweel et al. (2019).[557]
A scenario for the genesis of tropical cyclones throughout the Cenozoic is presented by Yan et al. (2019).[558]
A study on the extent of ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere throughout the Quaternary is published by Batchelor et al. (2019).[559]
A new method of concentration of proteins from fossil specimens with high humic content and of removal of humic substances is presented by Schroeter et al. (2019).[560]
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^Joseph P. Botting; Lucy A. Muir (2019). "Dispersal and endemic diversification: Differences in non-lithistid spiculate sponge faunas between the Cambrian Explosion and the GOBE". Palaeoworld. 28 (1–2): 24–36. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2018.03.002. S2CID135439485.
^Francisco Sánchez-Beristain; Pedro García-Barrera; Josep Antón Moreno-Bedmar (2019). "Acanthochaetetes huauclillensis nov. sp. (Porifera: Demospongiae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Oaxaca, Mexico, and its palaeoecological, palaeobiogeographic and stratigraphic implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 91: 227–238. Bibcode:2019JSAES..91..227S. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2019.02.008. S2CID133746096.
^ abMarcelo G. Carrera; Colin D. Sumrall (2019). "Ordovician sponges from the Lenoir Limestone, Tennessee: new evidence for a differential sponge distribution along the margins of Laurentia". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (1): 34–44. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.67. S2CID203119746.
^Juwan Jeon; Qijian Li; Jae-Ryong Oh; Suk-Joo Choh; Dong-Jin Lee (2019). "A new species of the primitive stromatoporoid Cystostroma from the Ordovician of East Asia". Geosciences Journal. 23 (4): 547–556. Bibcode:2019GescJ..23..547J. doi:10.1007/s12303-018-0063-7. S2CID133783450.
^Joseph P. Botting; Yves Candela; Vicen Carrió; William R. B. Crighton (2019). "A new hexactinellid sponge from the Silurian of the Pentland Hills (Scotland) with similarities to extant rossellids". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 111 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1017/S1755691019000045. S2CID135302203.
^Qiu-Jun Wang; Jin Peng; Rong-Qin Wen; Guang-Ying Du; Hui Zhang; De-Zhi Wang; Yi-Fan Wang (2019). "Hamptonia jianhensis sp. nov. from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Balang Fauna of Guizhou, China". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 32 (9): 1206–1214. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1575374. S2CID92293899.
^Lixia Li; Dorte Janussen; Renbin Zhan; Joachim Reitner (2019). "Oldest known fossil of Rossellids (Hexactinellida, Porifera) from the Ordovician–Silurian transition of Anhui, South China". PalZ. 93 (4): 559–566. Bibcode:2019PalZ...93..559L. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00452-3. S2CID181708511.
^Fabrizio Bizzarini (2019). "Stellispongia subsphaerica Dieci, Antonacci e Zardini 1970 (Triassico superiore, Dolomiti), osservazioni storico- sistematiche e sua attribuzione al nuovo genere Subsphaerospongia". Lavori – Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali. 44: 67–74.
^Lucas D. Mouro; Rodrigo S. Horodyski; Antonio. C.S. Fernandes; Marcelo A. Carvalho; Mateus. S. Silva; Breno L. Waichel; João P. Saldanha (2019). "Pennsylvanian sponge from the Mecca Quarry Shale, Carbondale Group (Indiana, USA) and the paleobiogeographic distribution of Teganiella in the paleoequatorial region of Laurentia". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (5): 827–838. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..827M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.7. S2CID134602608.
^Cui Luo; Fangchen Zhao; Han Zeng (2019). "The first report of a vauxiid sponge from the Cambrian Chengjiang Biota". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (1): 28–33. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.52. S2CID202183998.
^Ning Sun; Robert J. Elias; Dong-Jin Lee (2019). "Corallite increase in the Late Ordovician coral Agetolites, and its taxonomic implication". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (5): 839–855. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..839S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.14. S2CID133656532.
^Felicia Harris; Heather Alley; Ron Fine; Bradley Deline (2019). "Rare colonial corals from the Upper Ordovician Kope Formation of Kentucky and their role in ephemeral invasions in the Edenian". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 533: Article 109279. Bibcode:2019PPP...53309279H. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109279. S2CID200064214.
^Kun Liang; Robert J. Elias; Dong-Jin Lee (2019). "Morphometrics, growth characteristics, and phylogenetic implications of Halysites catenularius (Tabulata, Silurian, Estonia)". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (2): 215–231. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..215L. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.73. S2CID135341052.
^William F. Precht; Stephen V. Vollmer; Alexander B. Modys; Les Kaufman (2019). "Fossil Acropora prolifera (Lamarck, 1816) reveals coral hybridization is not only a recent phenomenon". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 132 (1): 40–55. doi:10.2988/18-D-18-00011. S2CID146062712.
^Simon Boivin; Raphaël Vasseur; Bernard Lathuilière; Iuliana Lazăr; Christophe Durlet; Rowan Clare Martindale; Khalid El Hmidi; Rossana Martini (2019). "A little walk between Early Jurassic sponges and corals: a confusing morphological convergence". Geobios. 57: 1–24. Bibcode:2019Geobi..57....1B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2019.10.001. S2CID213773807.
^Junfeng Guo; Jian Han; Heyo Van Iten; Zuchen Song; Yaqin Qiang; Wenzhe Wang; Zhifei Zhang; Guoxiang Li; Yifei Sun; Jie Sun (2019). "A new tetraradial olivooid (Medusozoa) from the lower Cambrian (Stage 2) Yanjiahe Formation, South China". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 457–466. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.101. S2CID213138765.
^Junfeng Guo; Jian Han; Heyo Van Iten; Xing Wang; Yaqin Qiang; Zuchen Song; Wenzhe Wang; Zhifei Zhang; Guoxiang Li (2019). "A fourteen-faced hexangulaconulariid from the early Cambrian (Stage 2) Yanjiahe Formation, South China". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (1): 45–55. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.56. S2CID201301115.
^Shuji Niko; Masayuki Fujikawa (2019). "A new Permian tabulate coral from the Zomeki Limestone, Yamaguchi Prefecture". Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-dai Museum of Natural History. 54: 7–10.
^Hannes Löser (2019). "Regional persistence of the extant coral genus Stephanocoenia since the Early Cretaceous in the Western Atlantic". PalZ. 94 (1): 17–39. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00457-y. S2CID199474285.
^Juan López-Gappa; Leandro Martín Pérez (2019). "A new genus and species of Chaperiidae (Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) from the early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)". Ameghiniana. 56 (5): 422–429. doi:10.5710/AMGH.30.08.2019.3281. hdl:11336/121538. S2CID202899769.
^Antonietta Rosso; Francesco Sciuto (2019). "First fossil record of Atlantisina (Bryozoa) from the Gelasian of Sicily: a new piece of evidence to unravel past bryodiversity of the deep Mediterranean Sea". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 58 (2): 141–154. doi:10.4435/BSPI.2019.01 (inactive 2024-11-20).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
^ abcEmanuela Di Martino; Paul D. Taylor; Allan Gil S. Fernando; Tomoki Kase; Moriaki Yasuhara (2019). "First bryozoan fauna from the middle Miocene of Central Java, Indonesia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 43 (3): 461–478. Bibcode:2019Alch...43..461M. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1590639. S2CID195564225.
^ abcdefSilviu O. Martha; Paul D. Taylor; William L. Rader (2019). "Early Cretaceous gymnolaemate bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (2): 260–277. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..260M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.80. S2CID146223017.
^Thomas E. Yancey; Patrick N. Wyse Jackson; Barry G. Sutton; Richard J. Gottfried (2019). "Evactinoporidae, a new family of Cystoporata (Bryozoa) from the Mississippian of North America: growth and functional morphology". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (6): 1058–1074. Bibcode:2019JPal...93.1058Y. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.62. S2CID202176564.
^Amir Pedramara; Kamil Zágoršek; Maria Aleksandra Bitner; Mehdi Yazdi; Ali Bahrami; Zahra Maleki (2019). "Bryozoans and brachiopods from the Lower Miocene deposits of the Qom Formation in North-East Isfahan (Central Iran)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 294 (2): 229–250. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0852. S2CID213845190.
^ abcdSilviu O. Martha; Paul D. Taylor; William L. Rader (2019). "Early Cretaceous cyclostome bryozoans from the early to middle Albian of the Glen Rose and Walnut formations of Texas, USA". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (2): 244–259. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..244M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.79. S2CID135372462.
^Marcelo G. Carrera; Andrea F. Sterren; Gabriela A. Cisterna; Hans R. Niemeyer (2019). "Pinegopora chilensis, a new Permian bryozoan species of the Andean bryozoan province in southwestern Gondwana". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (1): 180–184. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.32. S2CID182236523.
^Narendra K. Swami; Andrej Ernst; Satish C. Tripathi; Prasenjit Barman; S.K. Bharti; Y.P. Rana (2019). "A new cryptostome bryozoan Ptilotrypa from the Upper Ordovician Yong Limestone Formation: Tethyan sequence of Kumaun Higher Himalaya, India". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (3): 585–591. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..585S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.94. S2CID135358848.
^Anna V. Koromyslova; Alexey V. Pakhnevich; Petr V. Fedorov (2019). "Tobolocella levinae n. gen., n. sp., a cheilostome bryozoan from the late Maastrichtian of northern Kazakhstan: scanning electron microscope and micro-CT study". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 294 (1): 91–101. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2019/0848. S2CID210616879.
^Samuel Zamora; Colin Sumrall (2019). "Hexedriocystis, an aberrant echinoderm from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Vol. 485. The Geological Society of London. pp. SP485–2017–213. doi:10.1144/SP485-2017-213. S2CID134603420.
^René A. Shroat-Lewis; Emily N. Greenwood; Colin D. Sumrall (2019). "Paleoecologic analysis of edrioasteroid (Echinodermata) encrusted slabs from the Chesterian (upper Mississippian) Kinkaid Limestone of southern Illinois". PALAIOS. 34 (3): 146–158. Bibcode:2019Palai..34..146S. doi:10.2110/palo.2018.061. S2CID133886514.
^Selina R. Cole (2019). "Hierarchical controls on extinction selectivity across the diplobathrid crinoid phylogeny". Paleobiology. 47 (2): 251–270. doi:10.1017/pab.2019.37. S2CID209592152.
^James Saulsbury; Samuel Zamora (2019). "The nervous and circulatory systems of a Cretaceous crinoid: preservation, palaeobiology and evolutionary significance". Palaeontology. 63 (2): 243–253. doi:10.1111/pala.12452. hdl:2027.42/154347. S2CID210622230.
^Carlie Pietsch; Kathleen A. Ritterbush; Jeffrey R. Thompson; Elizabeth Petsios; David J. Bottjer (2019). "Evolutionary models in the Early Triassic marine realm". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 513: 65–85. Bibcode:2019PPP...513...65P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.12.016. S2CID134281291.
^ abcWilliam I. Ausich; Samuel Zamora (2019). "Stratigraphic and paleogeographic distributions of Devonian crinoids from Spain with description of new taxa from the Iberian Chains". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (6): 1159–1174. Bibcode:2019JPal...93.1159A. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.29. S2CID189965567.
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaAndrew Scott Gale (2019). "Microcrinoids (Echinodermata, Articulata, Roveacrinida) from the Cenomanian-Santonian chalk of the Anglo-Paris Basin: taxonomy and biostratigraphy". Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 38 (2): 397–533. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3579355.
^Jeffrey R. Thompson; Georgy V. Mirantsev; Elizabeth Petsios; David J. Bottjer (2019). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Archaeocidaridae and Palaeozoic Miocidaridae (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and the origin of crown group echinoids". Papers in Palaeontology. 6 (2): 217–249. doi:10.1002/spp2.1280. S2CID202865274.
^ abcdefgWilliam I. Ausich; Mario E. Cournoyer (2019). "New taxa and revised stratigraphic distribution of the crinoid fauna from Anticosti Island, Québec, Canada (Late Ordovician-early Silurian)". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (6): 1137–1158. Bibcode:2019JPal...93.1137A. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.36. S2CID189972765.
^ abcdMichel Roux; Marc Eléaume; Nadia Améziane (2019). "A revision of the genus Conocrinus d'Orbigny, 1850 (Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Rhizocrinidae) and its place among extant and fossil crinoids with a xenomorphic stalk". Zootaxa. 4560 (1): 51–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4560.1.3. PMID30790991. S2CID73478837.
^Daniel B. Blake; Merlynd K. Nestell (2019). "Revision of the unusual Carboniferous ophiuroid Cholaster (Echinodermata) and remarks on skeletal differentiation within the Asterozoa". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (4): 753–763. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..753B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.109. S2CID135037972.
^ abcDavid F. Wright; Selina R. Cole; William I. Ausich (2019). "Biodiversity, systematics, and new taxa of cladid crinoids from the Ordovician Brechin Lagerstätte". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (2): 334–357. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.81. S2CID212737662.
^ abSamuel Zamora; Elise Nardin; Jorge Esteve; Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Marco (2019). "New rhombiferan blastozoans (Echinodermata) from the Late Ordovician of Morocco". In A. W. Hunter; J. J. Álvaro; B. Lefebvre; P. van Roy; S. Zamora (eds.). The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. Vol. 485. The Geological Society of London. pp. 587–602. doi:10.1144/SP485.10. S2CID134366604.
^ abcWilliam I. Ausich; Mark A. Wilson; Ursula Toom (2019). "Early Silurian recovery of Baltica crinoids following the end-Ordovician extinctions (Llandovery, Estonia)". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.89. S2CID210634638.
^Daniel B. Blake; Forest J. Gahn; Thomas E. Guensburg (2019). "An Early Ordovician (Floian) asterozoan (Echinodermata) of problematic class-level affinities". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (2): 358–365. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.82. S2CID201313020.
^Mhairi Reid; Aaron W. Hunter; Wendy L. Taylor; Emese M. Bordy (2019). "A new genus of Protasteridae (Ophiuridea) from the Lower Devonian Bokkeveld Group of South Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. 53: 66–74. hdl:10539/26244.
^Stephen K. Donovan; Eamon N. Doyle (2019). "Utility of crinoid columnals in palaeontology illustrated by a new species: Clare Shale Formation (Carboniferous), Doolin, County Clare, western Ireland". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 130 (6): 696–700. Bibcode:2019PrGA..130..696D. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2019.02.004. S2CID134322194.
^Jeffrey R. Thompson; Timothy A. M. Ewin (2019). "A new species of Hyattechinus (Echinoidea) from the type Devonian of the United Kingdom and implications for the distribution of Devonian proterocidarid echinoids". Geological Magazine. 156 (5): 801–810. Bibcode:2019GeoM..156..801T. doi:10.1017/S0016756818000109. S2CID134574820.
^ abWilliam I. Ausich; Mark A. Wilson; Oive Tinn (2019). "Kalana Lagerstätte crinoids: Early Silurian (Llandovery) of central Estonia". Journal of Paleontology. 94 (1): 131–144. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.27. S2CID181399467.
^J. Žítt; C. Löser; O. Nekvasilová; L. Hradecká; L. Švábenická (2019). "Předboj and Hoher Stein: Two sites of mass roveacrinid occurrence (Crinoidea, Cenomanian, Bohemian-Saxonian Cretaceous Basin)". Cretaceous Research. 94: 80–107. Bibcode:2019CrRes..94...80Z. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.08.015. S2CID134453132.
^ abTony Sadler; Francis C. Holmes; Stephen J. Gallagher (2019). "Two new species of the echinoid genus Monostychia from the Miocene of Victoria and a redescription of M. etheridgei Tenison-Woods, 1877". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 43 (2): 279–290. Bibcode:2019Alch...43..279S. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1528508. S2CID133679725.
^Christopher R. Barnes (2019). "Impacts of climate-ocean-tectonic changes on early Paleozoic conodont ecology and evolution evidenced by the Canadian part of Laurentia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109092. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.02.018. S2CID133789941.
^Ana Mestre; Susana Heredia (2019). "The conodont Paroistodus horridus (Barnes and Poplawski) as a new biostratigraphical tool for the middle Darriwilian (Ordovician)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109114. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.015. hdl:11336/150549. S2CID133879757.
^Przemysław Świś (2019). "Population dynamics of the Late Devonian conodont Alternognathus calibrated in days". Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 31 (9): 1161–1169. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1427088. S2CID89835464.
^Javier Sanz-López; Silvia Blanco-Ferrera; C. Giles Miller (2019). "The apparatus of the Carboniferous conodont Vogelgnathus simplicatus and the early evolution of the genus". Journal of Paleontology. 93 (1): 126–136. Bibcode:2019JPal...93..126S. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.66. S2CID134343300.
^Louise Souquet; Nicolas Goudemand (2019). "Exceptional basal-body preservation in some Early Triassic conodont elements from Oman". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 549: Article 109066. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.028. S2CID133865209.
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