Adamantina Formation

Adamantina Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Coniacian-Early Maastrichtian
87.8–68 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofBauru Group
UnderliesUberaba Formation
OverliesSanto Anastacio, Caiuá & Araçatuba Formations
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, calcrete
OtherMudstone, siltstone, conglomerate, coal
Location
Coordinates21°36′S 50°06′W / 21.6°S 50.1°W / -21.6; -50.1
Approximate paleocoordinates25°48′S 33°06′W / 25.8°S 33.1°W / -25.8; -33.1
Region São Paulo
Country Brazil
ExtentBauru Basin,
Paraná Basin
Type section
Named forAdamantina
Adamantina Formation is located in Brazil
Adamantina Formation
Adamantina Formation (Brazil)

The Adamantina Formation is a geological formation in the Bauru Basin of western São Paulo state, in southeastern Brazil.

Its strata date back to the Late Cretaceous epoch of the Cretaceous Period, during the Mesozoic Era. The formation is part of the Bauru Group in the northeastern Paraná Basin.

Geology

Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the Adamantina Formation.[1] According to some studies,[2][3][4][5] the Adamantina Formation dates from the Turonian to the Santonian stage (90-83.5 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous, other studies have found a much younger age - Campanian to Maastrichtian (83.5-66 million years ago) of the late Cretaceous.[6][7]

More recent studies lean into the latter category[8] and an unpublished article abstract revealed at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in 2017 also argues that the Allen Formation, Loncoche, and Los Alamitos Formation are all contemporaries and are no later than 72.1Ma in age.[9] A zircon was found dating to 87.8 Ma, so this represents a maximum age.[10]

Geological setting

During the Early Jurassic, the supercontinent Pangea started to drift apart due to the breakup of Gondwana and Laurasia.[11] The breakup of Gondwana caused the formation of the large Parana Basin. This basin has a size of ~1,100,000km2 and can be found not only in Brazil but also in Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina.[12] The separation of the supercontinent and the breakup of Brazil and Africa was accompanied by volcanism that caused large eruptions of flood basalts. These volcanic rocks formed the Serra Geral Formation which underlies the deposits of the Bauru Group.[12]

The Bauru Basin is a trough that, as Miall (1990) argues,[13] evolved due to “thermo-mechanical subsidence” during the Late Cretaceous, probably due to the breakup of Africa and India.[11] The sediments reach a thickness of up to ~300 m and consist mainly of siliciclastic sediments.[14] The Bauru Group can be subdivided into five different formations [12][15][16][17] from bottom to top: Caiua, Santo Anastacio, Adamantina, and Uberaba. Not all formations are equally well represented in the different states and differences occur according their sedimentary composition and therefore also in their naming.[12]

Vertebrate paleofauna

Crocodylomorphs

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
Crocodylomorphs of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adamantinasuchus[18] A. navae Six specimens and several isolated bone remains. A zhiphosuchian notosuhian
Aphaurosuchus[19] A. kaiju Skull elements and teeth. A baurusuchine baurusuchid
Armadillosuchus[20] A. arrudai A ziphosuchian notosuchian
Barreirosuchus[21] B. franciscoi A peirosaurid notosuchia
Baurusuchus B. albertoi[7] A baurusuchine baurusuchid
B. pachechoi[22]
B. salgadoensis[22]
Brasileosaurus[22] B. pachecoi[22] A notosuchid notosuchian
Campinasuchus[5] C. dinizi A pissarrachampsine baurusuchid
Caipirasuchus[23] C. catanduvensis[24] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
C. paulistanus
Caryonosuchus[25] C. pricei A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Epoidesuchus[26] E. tavaresae. A peirosaurid notosuchian
Mariliasuchus M. amarali[22] Very common. Several specimens - juvenile and adults – with skulls articulated to skeletons, and many isolated materials. Eggs clutches, eggshells, and coprolites were found also. A notosuchid notosuchian
M. robustus[27] A notosuchid notosuchian
Montealtosuchus[28] M. arrudacamposi A peirosaurid notosuchian
Morrinhosuchus[29] M. luziae A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Roxochampsa[30] R. paulistanus Several teeth, splenials, and dentaries. A peirosaurid notosuchian
Sphagesaurus S. huenei[22] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
S. montealtensis[6] A sphagesaurid notosuchian
Stratiotosuchus[18] S. maxhechti A baurusuchine baurusuchid

Dinosaurs

Indeterminate dinosaur remains are known from the formation.[31]

Sauropods

Sauropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Adamantisaurus[32]

A. mezzalirai

A lithostrotian titanosaurian
Arrudatitan[33] A. maximus A single partially articulated skeleton. A aeolosaurin titanosaurian
Antarctosaurus A. brasiliensis Postcranial remains.[34] A colossosaurian titanosaurian
Brasilotitan B. nemophagus Raposo Tavares. A partial skeleton and dentition. A lithostrotian titanosaurian
Gondwanatitan G. faustoi Partial postcranial skeleton.[35] A lithostrotian titanosaurian
Maxakalisaurus[36] M. topai A fragmentary right maxilla with teeth, twelve cervical vertebrae and some cervical ribs, seven dorsal vertebrae and some dorsal ribs, a neural spine and centrum from the sacrum, six caudal vertebrae, some haemal arches, pieces of the scapulae, both sternal plates, part of the left ischium, both humeri, two metacarpals, part of the fibula, an osteoderm, and some unidentified piece A lithostrotian titanosaurian

Theropods

Theropods of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Abelisauridae Indet.[37] Indeterminate Fragment of right premaxilla and a tooth

Enantiornithes indet.[38]

Indeterminate

Near complete jaws and skulls
Navaornis[39] N. hesitate Complete skull and well preserved skeleton A enantiornithine bird
Noasauridae Indet. Indeterminate
Unenlagiinae indet.[40] Indeterminate A single dorsal vertebra

Squamates

Squamates of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Boipeba B. tayasuensis A single precloacal vertebra A large, primitive blind snake
Brasiliguana B. prudentis A maxilla An Iguanian

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Baurubatrachus B. santosdoroi Near Catanduva city, São Paulo.[41] Remains of two individuals.[41] A frog.
Mariliabatrachus[42] M. navai A frog.

Turtles

Turtle of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bauruemys B. brasilensis A podocnemidoid side-necked turtle
Roxochelys R. wanderleyi A podocnemididoid side-necked turtle
Yuraramirim[43] Y. montealtensis A peiropemydid side-necked turtle

Fish

Fishes of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Britosteus[44] B. amarildoi A gar
Lepisosteidae Indeterminate, previously described as "Lepisosteus cominatoi"[44] A gar

Mammals

Mammals of the Adamantina Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eutheria Indet. Indeterminate
Brasilestes[45] B. stardusti A tribosphenic mammal
Gondwanatheria Indet. Indeterminate
Meridiolestida Indet.[46] Indeterminate

See also

References

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