Kastrasie

’n Mediese illustrasie deur die Persiese hitorikus Sharaf ad-Din van ’n operasie vir kastrasie, omstreeks 1466.
Kastrasie as ’n straf in die 16de eeu.

Kastrasie (ook genoem sterilisasie, ontmanning, ovariëktomie, ens.) is enige manier – snykundig, chemies of andersins – waardeur ’n manlike mens of dier die funksie van die testikels of ’n vroulike mens of dier die funksie van die eierstokke verloor.

Met snykundige kastrasie word die testikels met chirurgie verwyder en met chemiese kastrasie word die testikels met chemiese middels gedeaktiveer. Kastrasie veroorsaak sterilisasie, wat meebring dat die persoon of dier nie meer kan voortplant nie; dit verminder ook die vervaardiging van sekere hormone soos testosteroon en estrogeen. Die uitwerking van die afname in laasgenoemde is aansienlik dwarsdeur ’n vrou se liggaam.[1]

Soms verwys die term "kastrasie" ook na emaskulasie (die verwydering van die penis én testikels). In sommige kulture word geen onderskeid tussen die twee getref nie en dit kan verwarrend wees. By diere help kastrasie voordelige omstandighede skep, soos om oorbevolking te voorkom en die geslagsdrif te verminder. Daar word dikwels gesê die dier is "reggemaak".

Geskiedenis

Kastrasie is dikwels in sekere kulture in Europa, Afrika en Suid- en Oos-Asië om godsdienstige of sosiale redes gebruik. Sommige volke het ná ’n veldslag die gevangenes of lyke van die verloorders gekastreer om hul oorwinning te simboliseer. Gekastreerde mans (eunugs) is dikwels gebruik as personeel in burokrasieë en paleise, veral in harems.

In China het eunugs in baie tydperke soms die mag oorgeneem, veral in die latere Han-, laat Tang- en laat Ming-dinastie.

In antieke tye is beide die penis en testikels dikwels verwyder. Dit het groot gevaar ingehou aangesien die gekastreerde man hom kon doodbloei of infeksie kon intree. In sommige state soos die Bisantynse Ryk is dit as dieselfde as doodstraf beskou.

Óf Chrurgiese óf chemiese kastrasie word soms in die geval van prostaatkanker uitgevoer.[2] As testoroon afneem, kan dit die groei van kanker vertraag. Dit laat ook die geslagsdrif en seksuele obsessies of gedrag by seksueel afwykendes afneem.

Kastrasie is al in lande soos die Verenigde State gebruik vir seksoortreders.[3]

Europa

Die kastrasie van Uranos, fresko deur Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi, omstreeks 1560 (Florence).

In die Griekse mitologie het Kronos sy pa, Uranos, gekastreer nadat laasgenoemde die siklope en honderdhandiges laat opsluit het.

Edward Gibbon se The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire[4] vertel hoe die Normandiërs tydens hul invalle in Sisilië en Italië hul vyande gekastreer het.

In die Middeleeuse Koninkryk Georgië is die troonsteler Demna deur sy oom George III laat kastreer om die oorheersing van George se tak van die familie te verseker.[5]

William Wallace, die Skotse weerstandsleier, is gekastreer as deel van sy teregstelling omdat hy teen die Engelse heerskappy in opstand gekom het.

In 1952 is Alan Turing, die vader van rekenaarwetenskap en die uitvinder van die Turingmasjien, vervolg vir homoseksuele dade en het hy chemiese kastrasie bo gevangenisstraf verkies.

China

Rekords van kastrasie in China dateer uit die Shang-dinastie (omstreeks 1700-1050 v.C.), toe die Shang-konings oorlogsgevangenes laat kastreer het.[6][7]

Tydens die bewind van Mu van die Zhou-dinastie (10de eeu v.C.) is die wet verander sodat mense makliker gekastreer kon word in die plek van die doodstraf.[8] Nie net die testikels is verwyder nie, maar al die geslagsdele is terselfdertyd met ’n mes afgesny.[9]

Mans is tydens die Qin-dinastie (221-206 v.C.) gekastreer en slawe gemaak om aan projekte soos die Terracottaleër te werk.[10] Die regering het beslag gelê op die eiendom van verkragters wat as straf gekastreer is en hul familielede is slawe gemaak.[11]

Ook mans wat tydens die Han-dinastie met kastrasie gestraf is, is vir slawearbeid gebruik.[12] Kastrasie is as straf vir verskeie oortredings gebruik.[13][14] Die Chinese historikus Sima Qian is op bevel van die keiser gekastreer weens andersdenkende idees.[15]

In die vroeë tydperk van die Ming-dinastie (1368-1644 v.C.) het China daarop aangedring dat eunugs van Korea af gestuur word as deel van die land se heffings. Sommige het toesig gehou in die harems van die Chinese keiser.[16][17]

Toe die Chinese die Mongoolse bewind omverwerp, is baie Mongole gekastreer en as eunugs gebruik.[18] Toe die Ming-leër Yunnan eindelik in 1382 van die Mongole afneem, is duisende gevangenes doodgemaak en hul seuns – insluitende Zheng He – is gekastreer soos die gewoonte was.[19][20]

Aan die einde van die Ming-dinastie was daar sowat 70 000 eunugs in diens van die keiser, sommige in die Verbode Stad.

Verwysings

  1. Shuster, LT; Gostout, BS; Grossardt, BR; Rocca, WA (September 2008). "Prophylactic oophorectomy in pre-menopausal women and long term health – a review". Menopause Int. 14: 111–6. doi:10.1258/mi.2008.008016. PMC 2585770. PMID 18714076.
  2. "MaleCare.com" (in Engels). MaleCare.com. 23 Februarie 2011. Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 29 Oktober 2010. Besoek op 5 Februarie 2012.
  3. "Some Sex Offenders Opt for Castration. ABC News" (in Engels). Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 September 2018.
  4. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire author record at Project Gutenberg. Based on the Rev. H.H. Milman edition of 1845.
  5. Eastmond, Antony (1998). Royal imagery in medieval Georgia. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 107. ISBN 0271016280.
  6. Gwyn Campbell; Suzanne Miers; Joseph Calder Miller (2009). Children in slavery through the ages. Ohio University Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-8214-1877-7. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  7. Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Besoek op 28 Junie 2010.
  8. Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner (1919). China of the Chinese. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 146. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  9. Gwyn Campbell; Suzanne Miers; Joseph Calder Miller (2009). Children in slavery through the ages. Ohio University Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-8214-1877-7. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  10. Bayerischen Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege (2001). Qin Shihuang. Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege. p. 273. ISBN 3-87490-711-2. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  11. Mark Edward Lewis (2007). The early Chinese empires: Qin and Han. Harvard University Press. p. 252. ISBN 0-674-02477-X. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  12. History of Science Society (1952). Osiris, Volume 10. Saint Catherine Press. p. 144. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  13. Britannica Educational Publishing (2010). The History of China. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 76. ISBN 1-61530-181-X. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  14. Qian Ma (2005). Women in traditional Chinese theater: the heroine's play. University Press of America. p. 149. ISBN 0-7618-3217-3. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  15. Edward Theodore Chalmers Werner (1919). China of the Chinese. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 152. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  16. Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett; John King Fairbank (1988). The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 976. ISBN 0-521-24332-7. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  17. Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Besoek op 28 Junie 2010.
  18. Journal of Asian history, Volume 25. O. Harrassowitz. 1991. p. 127. Besoek op 11 Januarie 2011.
  19. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/02/books/chapters/0202-1st-menzi.html
  20. Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty. SUNY Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Besoek op 28 Junie 2010.

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