Karakoroem

Hierdie artikel handel oor die ou hoofstad van die Mongoolse Ryk. Vir die bergreeks in Sentraal-Asië, sien Karakoram.
’n 13de-eeuse steenoond in Karakoroem.
’n 13de-eeuse steenskilpad op die terrein van die stad.
’n Model van die stad in die Nasionale Museum van die Mongoolse Geskiedenis in Ulaan-Baatar.
’n Moderne rekonstruksie van die Silwerboom van Karakoroem.

Karakoroem (Mongools: Хархорум, Charchoroem) was die hoofstad van die Mongoolse Ryk in die 13de eeu en van die noordelike Yuan-dinastie in die 14de tot 15de eeu. Die stad se ruïnes lê in die noordweste van die provinsie Övörkhangai in Mongolië, naby die moderne stad Charchorin. Dit is deel van die wêrelderfenisgebied Orchonvallei-kultuurlandskap.

Geskiedenis

In 1218–'19 het Djengis Khan ’n leër op die been gebring vir een van sy militêre veldtogte op ’n plek met die naam Karakoroem,[1] maar die stad is waarskynlik eers in 1220 gestig. Tot in 1235 was dit blykbaar nie veel meer as ’n dorpie nie; eers daarna het Djengis se opvolger, Ögedei, mure om die dorp laat oprig en ’n paleis daar gebou.[2]

Onder Ögedei en sy opvolgers het Karakoroem ’n groot sentrum vir wêreldpolitiek geword. Möngke Khan het die paleis laat vergroot en ’n groot tempel laat bou.[2] Die bekende Silwerboom van Karakoroem is ook in die middestad gebou. Die boom, met ’n engel aan die bopunt, is deur ’n Franse goudsmid ontwerp en het slim ontwerpte pype gehad waaruit verskeie soorte drank getap kon word.[3] Wanneer die khan vir sy gaste iets te drinke wou aanbied, het die engel ’n trompet na sy lippe gebring en dit geblaas. Uit die mond van goue slange om die boom het drank dan gespuit in ’n kom wat onder die boom geplaas is.[4]

Toe Koeblai Khan en sy jonger broer Ariq Böke albei in 1260 die troon opeis, het Koeblai die Yuan-dinastie gestig en die hoofstad na Shangdu en later na Dadu (nou Beijing) geskuif. Karakoroem het die administratiewe sentrum van een van die dinastie se provinsies geword. In die oorlog met Ariq Böke, en later met Kaidoe Khan, is die stad swaar getref. In 1260 het Koeblai die stad se graanvoorraad onderbreek en in 1277 het Kaidoe Karakoroem ingeneem. Die volgende jaar het Yuan-soldate Kaidoe uit die stad verdryf.[5] In die eerste helfte van die 14de eeu het die stad weer ’n opbloei beleef en het dit uitgebrei.[2]

Ná die val van die Yuan-dinastie in 1368 het Karakoroem die woonplek van Biligtü Khan geword. Die stad is in 1388 deur Ming-soldate ingeneem en verwoes. ’n Latere khan het dit weer die hoofstad gemaak, maar nadat die stad ’n paar keer van eienaarskap verwissel het, is dit eindelik permanent verlaat.[2]

Verwysings

  1. ↑ Micheal Weiers, Geschichte der Mongolen, Stuttgart 2004, p. 76
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 2,3 Hans–Georg Hüttel, Karakorum – Eine historische Skizze, in: Dschingis Khan und seine Erben, p. 133–137
  3. ↑ Mongolia, Land of Inspiration. Irmuun Press, 2008, p. 81.
  4. ↑ "Genghis Khan and the making of the Modern World " Jack Weatherford, p.170.
  5. ↑ Rolf Trauzettel, Die Yüan-Dynastie, in: Michael Weiers (editor), Die Mongolen, Beiträge zu ihrer Geschichte und Kultur, Darmstadt 1986, p. 230

Eksterne skakels

47°12′37″N 102°50′52″O / 47.21028°N 102.84778°O / 47.21028; 102.84778

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