Planulozoa

Planulozoa Rentang waktu: Ediacaran–Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Keanekaragaman Planulozoa
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:	Animalia
Subkerajaan:	Eumetazoa
(tanpa takson):	ParaHoxozoa
(tanpa takson):	Planulozoa Wallberg et al., 2004
Phyla
Cnidaria Bilateria/Triploblasts (unranked) Proarticulata † Xenacoelomorpha Kimberella† Tullimonstrum† Saccorhytida †[1] Nephrozoa (unranked) Superphylum Deuterostomia Chordata "Ambulacraria" Hemichordata Echinodermata Cambroernida† Vetulicolia† Protostomia (unranked) Superphylum Ecdysozoa Spiralia (unranked)

Planulozoa adalah sebuah klad yang mencakup Placozoa, Cnidaria (koral dan ubur-ubur) dan Bilateria (hewan lainnya yang lebih kompleks, mencakup cacing, serangga dan vertebrata).^[2][3] Penamaan Planulozoa dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah sinonim untuk ParaHoxozoa. Didalam Planulozoa, Placozoa dapat merupakan sebuah klad saudari Cnidaria.^[4][5][6][7] Klad ini tidak memasukkan hewan-hewan basal seperti Ctenophora^[3][8][9] dan Porifera (spons).^[10][11][12]

Planulozoa dihubungkan dengan munculnya domain gen Zoc dan ZF-NC.^[13]

1. ^ Liu, Yunhuan; Carlisle, Emily; Zhang, Huaqiao; Yang, Ben; Steiner, Michael; Shao, Tiequan; Duan, Baichuan; Marone, Federica; Xiao, Shuhai; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2022-08-17). "Saccorhytus is an early ecdysozoan and not the earliest deuterostome". Nature (dalam bahasa Inggris). 609 (7927): 541–546. Bibcode:2022Natur.609..541L. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05107-z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 35978194. S2CID 251646316.
2. ^ Edgecombe, G. D.; Giribet, G. (2019-01-15), "Perspectives in Animal Phylogeny and Evolution": A decade later (dalam bahasa Inggris), University of Padova Press, ISBN 9788869381409, diakses tanggal 2019-07-17
3. ^ ^{a b} Andreas Wallberg; Mikael Thollesson; James S. Farris; Ulf Jondelius (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the comb jellies (Ctenophora) and the importance of taxonomic sampling". Cladistics. 20 (6): 558–578. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00041.x. PMID 34892961. S2CID 86185156.
4. ^ Aleshin, V. V.; Petrov, N. B. (2002). "Molecular evidence of regression in evolution of metazoa". Zh Obshch Biol. 63 (3): 195–208. PMID 12070939.
5. ^ Laumer, Christopher E.; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald; Hadfield, Michael G.; Pearse, Vicki B.; Riesgo, Ana; Marioni, John C.; Giribet, Gonzalo (2018-10-30). "Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias". eLife (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7. doi:10.7554/elife.36278. ISSN 2050-084X. PMC 6277202. PMID 30373720.
6. ^ Schuchert, Peter (1993-03-01). "Trichoplax adhaerens (Phylum Placozoa) has Cells that React with Antibodies Against the Neuropeptide RFamide". Acta Zoologica. 74 (2): 115–117. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6395.1993.tb01227.x.
7. ^ Syed, Tareq; Schierwater, Bernd (2002-06-01). "The evolution of the placozoa: A new morphological model". Senckenbergiana Lethaea. 82 (1): 315–324. doi:10.1007/bf03043791. ISSN 0037-2110. S2CID 16870420.
8. ^ Andreas Hejnol & Mark Q. Martindale (2008). "Acoel development supports a simple planula-like urbilaterian". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 (1496): 1493–1501. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2239. PMC 2614228. PMID 18192185.
9. ^ Jaume Baguñà; Pere Martinez; Jordi Paps; Marta Riutort (2008). "Back in time: a new systematic proposal for the Bilateria". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 363 (1496): 1481–1491. doi:10.1098/rstb.2007.2238. PMC 2615819. PMID 18192186.
10. ^ Whelan, Nathan V.; Kocot, Kevin M.; Moroz, Tatiana P.; Mukherjee, Krishanu; Williams, Peter; Paulay, Gustav; Moroz, Leonid L.; Halanych, Kenneth M. (2017-10-09). "Ctenophore relationships and their placement as the sister group to all other animals". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1737–1746. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0331-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5664179. PMID 28993654.
11. ^ Pisani, Davide; Pett, Walker; Dohrmann, Martin; Feuda, Roberto; Rota-Stabelli, Omar; Philippe, Hervé; Lartillot, Nicolas; Wörheide, Gert (2015-12-01). "Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (50): 15402–15407. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11215402P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518127112. PMC 4687580. PMID 26621703.
12. ^ C. Borchiellini; M. Manuel; E. Alivon; N. Boury-Esnault; J. Vacelet; Y. Le Parco (2001). "Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 14 (1): 171–179. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00244.x. PMID 29280585.
13. ^ Layden, Michael J. (2018), "Cnidarian Zic Genes", Zic family, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology (dalam bahasa Inggris), vol. 1046, Springer, Singapore, hlm. 27–39, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7311-3_2, ISBN 9789811073106, PMID 29442315