Homofobia

Homofobia mencakup berbagai sikap dan perasaan negatif terhadap homoseksualitas ataupun orang-orang yang mengidentifikasi diri dan/atau dianggap sebagai lesbian, gay, atau biseksual.^[1]^[2]^[3] Homofobia didefinisikan sebagai penghinaan, prasangka, penolakan, kebencian, atau antipati—yang dapat didasarkan pada ketakutan yang tidak rasional dan terkadang dapat dikaitkan dengan keyakinan agama.^[4]^[5] Homofobia dapat diamati melalui perilaku kritis (selalu berusaha menemukan kesalahan) dan perilaku memusuhi, seperti diskriminasi dan kekerasan berdasarkan orientasi seksual terhadap orang-orang nonheteroseksual.^[1]^[2]^[6]

Jenis-jenis homofobia yang diakui meliputi homofobia terinstitusionalisasi, misalnya homofobia berbasis agama dan homofobia yang didukung negara, serta homofobia terinternalisasi, yang dialami oleh individu yang memiliki ketertarikan sesama jenis, terlepas dari bagaimana mereka mengidentifikasi diri.^[7]^[8]

Referensi

^ ^a ^b Adams, Maurianne; Bell, Lee Anne; Griffin, Pat (2007). Teaching for diversity and social justice. Routledge. hlm. 198–199. ISBN 978-1-135-92850-6. Because of the complicated interplay among gender identity, gender roles, and sexual identity, transgender people are often assumed to be lesbian or gay (See Overview: Sexism, Heterosexism, and Transgender Oppression). ... Because transgender identity challenges a binary conception of sexuality and gender, educators must clarify their own understanding of these concepts. ... Facilitators must be able to help participants understand the connections among sexism, heterosexism, and transgender oppression and the ways in which gender roles are maintained, in part, through homophobia.
^ ^a ^b David, Tracy J. (2008). "Homophobia and media representations of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people". Dalam Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence. SAGE Publications. hlm. 338. ISBN 978-1-4522-6591-9. In a culture of homophobia (an irrational fear of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender [GLBT] people), GLBT people often face a heightened risk of violence specific to their sexual identities.
^ Schuiling, Kerri Durnell; Likis, Frances E. (2011). Women's gynecologic health. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. hlm. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-7637-5637-6. Homophobia is an individual's irrational fear or hate of homosexual people. This may include bisexual or transgender persons, but sometimes the more distinct terms of biphobia or transphobia, respectively, are used.
^
* "homophobia". webster.com. 2008. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 2012-12-05. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-29.
- "homophobia". Dictionary.com. 2008. Diakses tanggal 2008-01-29.
- European Parliament resolution on homophobia in Europe (Edisi Strasbourg Final). 18 January 2006. "A" point.
- "homophobia, n.2". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. June 2012. Fear or hatred of homosexuals and homosexuality.
- McCormack, Mark (23 May 2013). The declining significance of homophobia. Oxford University Press. hlm. 35. ISBN 978-0-19-999094-8.
^ Newport, Frank (3 April 2015). "Religion, same-sex relationships and politics in Indiana and Arkansas". Gallup. Diarsipkan dari asli tanggal 5 August 2017. Diakses tanggal 12 June 2016.
^ Meyer, Doug. Violence against queer people: Race, class, gender, and the persistence of anti-LGBT discrimination. Rutgers University Press.
^ Williamson, I. R. (1 February 2000). "Internalized homophobia and health issues affecting lesbians and gay men". Health Education Research. 15 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1093/her/15.1.97. ISSN 0268-1153. PMID 10788206.
^ Frost, David M.; Meyer, Ilan H. (2009). "Internalized homophobia and relationship quality among lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals". Journal of Counseling Psychology. 56 (1): 97–109. doi:10.1037/a0012844. PMC 2678796. PMID 20047016.