PROFILPELAJAR.COM

Israel dan Yudea adalah kerajaan Zaman Besi terkait dari Levant kuno. Kerajaan Israel didirikan sebagai kekuatan lokal berpengaruh pada abad ke-9 SM sebelum jatuh ke tangan Kekaisaran Neo-Asiria pada 722 SM. Tetangga selatan Israel, Kerajaan Yudea, berdiri pada abad ke-8 SM^[1] dan menikmati masa kejayaan sebagai negara klien Asiria pertama dan kemudian Babilonia sebelum pemberontakan melawan Kekaisaran Neo-Babilonia yang berujung pada kehancurannya pada 586 SM. Setelah Babilonia jatuh ke tangan raja Persia Sirus Agung pada 539 SM, beberapa orang Yudea yang diasingkan kembali ke Yerusalem, memulai periode formatif dalam pengembangan identitas Yudea khas di provinsi Persia Yehud. Yehud dimasukkan dalam kerajaan-kerajaan Helenistik setelah penaklukan Aleksander Agung, namun pada abad ke-2 SM, bangsa Yudea memberontak terhadap Kerajaan Seleukia dan membuat kerajaan Hasmonean. kerajaan tersebut, yang menjadi kerajaan Yudea independen secara nominal terakhir, berakhir pada 63 SM saat ditaklukan oleh Pompey dari Roma. Dengan pembentukan kerajaan-kerajaan klien di bawah kekuasaan Dinasti Herodian, Kerajaan Israel dihadapai dengan gangguan-gangguan sipil yang terjadi dalam Perang Romawi-Yahudi Pertama, penghancuran Bait Allah, munculnya Yudaisme Rabbinik dan Gereja Perdana.

Periode

Zaman Besi I: 1200–1000
Zaman Besi II: 1000–586
Neo-Babilonia: 586–539
Persia: 539–332
Helenistik: 332–53^[2]

Lihat pula

Referensi

Kutipan

^ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
^ King & Stager 2001, hlm. xxiii.

Daftar pustaka

Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy. Westminster John Knox Press.
Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees. Westminster John Knox Press.
Albertz, Rainer (2003a). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature.
Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob, eds. (2003b). Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era. Koninklijke Van Gorcum. Becking, Bob. "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Amit, Yaira, et al., eds. (2006). Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman. Eisenbrauns.
Avery-Peck, Alan, et al., eds. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Blackwell. Murphy, Frederick J. R. "Second Temple Judaism". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible. Mohr Siebeck.
Becking, Bob, ed. (2001). Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah. Sheffield Academic Press. Dijkstra, Meindert. "El the God of Israel, Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) Dijkstra, Meindert. "I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and His Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette, eds. (1999). The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times. Brill. Niehr, Herbert. Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period.
Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah. Brill.
Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-39731-2.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary. Eerdmans.
Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period. Eisenbrauns. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) Lemaire, Andre. "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism. Eerdmans.
Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth (2008). "Bible, Archaeology, and the Social Sciences". Dalam Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: new insights and scholarship. NYU Press.
Brett, Mark G. (2002). Ethnicity and the Bible. Brill. Edelman, Diana. "Ethnicity and Early Israel". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Bright, John (2000; 4th ed., 1st ed. 1959). A History of Israel. Westminster John Knox Press.
Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. Stager, Lawrence E. "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament. Oxford University Press.
Coote, Robert B.; Whitelam, Keith W. (1986). "The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade". Semeia (37): 107–47.
Davies, Philip R. (1992). In Search of Ancient Israel. Sheffield.
Davies, Philip R. (2009). "The Origin of Biblical Israel". Journal of Hebrew Scriptures. 9 (47). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-28. Diakses tanggal 2016-06-20.
Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan. Sheffield Academic Press.
Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?. Eerdmans.
Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Eerdmans.
Dever, William (2005). Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel. Eerdmans.
Dunn, James D.G; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. Rogerson, John William. "Deuteronomy". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms. Kok Pharos.
Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible Unearthed.
Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel. Society of Biblical Literature. Mazar, Amihay. "The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press.
Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction. Oxford University Press.
Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO.
Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (1998). Goddesses in Early Israelite Religion in Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence. University of Wisconsin Press.
Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. T&T Clark International.
Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.). T&T Clark International.
Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E. Society of Biblical Literature.
King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-22148-3.
Kuhrt, Amélie (1995). The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BCE. Routledge.
Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition. Westminster John Knox Press.
Levy, Thomas E. (1998). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Continuum International Publishing. LaBianca, Øystein S.; Younker, Randall W. "The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (c. 1400–500 CE)". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Lipschits, Oded (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem. Eisenbrauns.
Lipschits, Oded, et al., eds. (2006). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. Eisenbrauns. Kottsieper, Ingo. "And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) Lipschits, Oded; Vanderhooft, David. "Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E.". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Liverani, Mario (2005). Israel's History and the History of Israel, London, Equinox.
Markoe, Glenn (2000). Phoenicians. University of California Press.
Mays, James Luther, et al., eds. (1995). Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clarke. Miller, J. Maxwell. "The Middle East and Archaeology". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel. Westminster John Knox Press.
Merrill, Eugene H. (1995). "The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel". Bibliotheca Sacra. 152 (606): 145–62.
Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). The Troubles of Templeless Judah. Oxford University Press.
Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-21262-X.
Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C. Eerdmans.
Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past. Eerdmans.
Nodet, Étienne (1999) [Editions du Cerf 1997]. A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah. Sheffield Academic Press.
Pitkänen, Pekka (2004). "Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement" (PDF). Tyndale Bulletin. 55 (2): 161–82.
Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present. Sheffield Academic Press. Hesse, Brian; Wapnish, Paula. "Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Smith, Mark S. (2001). Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century. Hendrickson Publishers.
Smith, Mark S.; Miller, Patrick D. (2002) [Harper & Row 1990]. The Early History of God. Eerdmans.
Rendsburg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". Dalam Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: new insights and scholarship. NYU Press.
Soggin, Michael J. (1998). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah. Paideia.
Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People. Brill.
Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel. Brill.
Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (edisi ke-2d). Koninklijke Brill.
Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E., eds. (1992). Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period. Sheffield. Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan) Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside". Tidak memiliki atau tanpa |title= (bantuan)
Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction. Paulist Press.
Zevit, Ziony (2001). The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches. Continuum.