马赫梅里语

马赫梅里语
Besisi, Betise’
母语国家和地区马来西亚
区域马来半岛
族群马赫梅里族
母语使用人数
3,675[1]:136-230 (2008)
語系
南亚语系
語言代碼
ISO 639-3mhe
Glottologbesi1244[2]
ELPMah Meri

马赫梅里语[3]是一种分布在马来半岛南亚语系语言。与塞梅莱语特莫克语同属于亚斯里语支下的塞梅莱语支[1]马赫梅里语是唯一仍在滨海区域使用的亚斯里语支语言(在森美兰雪兰莪滨海区域),据鹅唛县鹅唛原住民博物馆记录的数据,其使用人数约为3,675。[1]马赫梅里语词典由Nicole Kruspe编写。[4][5]

音系

元音[6]:241-248

元音音区1
前元音 央元音 后元音
-圆 +圆
闭元音 i;ĩ

ɨ̞

ɯ;ɯ̃ u;ũ
半闭元音 e;ẽ

ə;ә̃

o;õ
半开元音 ɛ;ɛ̃ ɔ;ɔ̃
开元音 a;ã
元音音区2
前元音 央元音 后元音
-圆 +圆
闭元音 ɯ̤
半闭元音

ə̤

半开元音 ɛ̤ ɔ̤
开元音

音区[6]

马赫梅里语有2个音区
音区1:元音音质清而紧,有更短的时长和更低的音高。有更少的语音组合法限制。
音区2:元音音长更长,音高更高。带轻微气声

辅音[6]

唇音 唇软腭音 齿齿龈音 齿龈音 齿龈硬颚音 硬颚音 软腭音 声门音
塞音 p;b t d k g ʔ
送气塞音
鼻音 m̥ m n̥ n ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ
闪音 ɾ
擦音 s h
塞擦音 tɕ dʑ
送气塞擦音 tɕʰ
近音 ʍ w j ɰ
边音 l̥ l

语法

句法[5]

马赫梅里语中定语指示词出现在被修饰词之后,如例(1)和(2);介词出现在被修饰词之前,如例(3)。

(1) dṳk naleʔ 房子 老 “老房子”

(2) lɘmɔl horoʔ ke 人 老 那 “那老人”

(3) haʔ mbɘri LOC 森林 “在森林里”

对于及物从句,马赫梅里语的语序是施事-动词-宾语(AVO),如例(4);但动-施-宾(VAO)语序在自然交流时更普遍,如例(5)。

(4) hŋkiʔ tomboʔ lɘmɔl ke 3 打 人 那 “他打了那人。”

(5) lɘpas ke nɔŋ, ʔeʔə̤t kɘdeʔ, kaye hŋkiʔ ʔeʔə̤t 后 那 PST:PROX 1SG 藏 看 3 1SG “在那之后,我藏起来了,(以免)他看到我。”

对于非及物从句,宾语-动词(SV)和动词-宾语(VS)两种语序均可,分别如例(6)和(7)。

(6) ʔeʔə̤t nimbol bawaw nɔŋ lSG 来自 海 PST:PROX “我正从海上来。”

(7) lɛp do haʔ tə̤k 进 水 LOC 耳 “水进了(我的)耳朵。”

形态[5]

马赫梅里语形态通过前缀中缀独特地反映。

半能产派生

1. 去及物化的N- DTR

前缀n-加到单音节动词,并重复后一个音节的元音。
如:bɛ“做”→ nɛ-bɛ“做事(者)”
双音节动词,声母以同位鼻音代替。
如:plɘt“扑灭”→m:ɘlɘt“灭火(这件事)”

2. 及物焦点ka- TR

前缀ka-只用于本土单音节动词。
如:jɛt“跟从”→ka-jɛt“跟着某人或某物”;cɔʔ“去”→ka-cɔʔ“去某人所在地或某地”

3. 分配<-l->DISTR

中缀<-l->用于表示位置或状态的双音节不及物动词,以及部分动作动词。
中缀插入首音节和因纠正音节结构出现的schwa。
如:kancɛw“变裸”→kɘlancɛw“许多赤裸的(人)”
若倒数第二个音节CV是硬颚塞音+schwa,则使用中缀<-la->。
如:jɘkɘʔ“静坐”→jɘ-la-kɘʔ“许多静坐的人”

规则能产派生

1. 反复 sɘ-RDP-词根 ITER

前缀sɘ加到重复基式的开头组分以表达反复体
如:sɘ-nake-nake(ITER-RDP-那)“一遍又一遍”

2. 偶然 tɘ- HAPP

前缀tɘ-表达a)无意间发生的事件;b)在否定从句中的能力。
如:tɘ-ka-ca“偶然吃”

3. 中响 bɘ- MID

前缀bɘ-用于动词或名词词根以表达定语所有格功能。
如:bɘ-dṳk“正有房子”

语言濒危与活力

民族语[3]马赫梅里语的状态是“6b:受到威胁的”,代表这种语言正处于所有年龄段间仍能用它面对面交流,但使用者正在流失的状态。这基于Lewis和Smino的(2010)[7]扩展分级代沟量表(EGIDS)。

一项由Coluzzi、Riget & Wang(2017)[8]领导的马赫梅里语研究横跨加厘岛上4个不同的马赫梅里语族村庄,支持马赫梅里语虽仍在社区内有广泛使用,仍然有整个语言在未来滑向马来语的可能,这是因为马赫梅里语的使用在年轻人中减少。

参考

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Benjamin, Geoffrey (2012). The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment. 于Stuart McGill & Peter K.Austin (eds) Language Documentation and Description, vol 11. London: SOAS.
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Besisi. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Mah Meri. Ethnologue: Languages of the World. [28 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-14). 
  4. ^ Nicole Kruspe. Lund University Research Portal. [28 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-16). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kruspe, N., & Zainal, A. (2010). A Dictionary of Mah Meri as Spoken at Bukit Bangkong页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, (36), Iii-410. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25822793页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kruspe, N., & Hajek, J. (2009). Mah Meri页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39(2). doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946
  7. ^ Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F. Assessing endangerment: Expanding Fishman's GIDS. Revue roumaine de linguistique. 2010, 55 (2): 103–120 [28 March 2020]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-15). 
  8. ^ Coluzzi, Paolo; Riget, Patricia Nora; Xiaomei, Wang. Language vitality among the Orang Asli of Malaysia: the case of the Mah Meri on Telo' Gunjeng (Carey Island, Selangor). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 2017, 2017 (244): 137–161. doi:10.1515/ijsl-2016-0060. 

外部链接

Template:马来西亚语言

Read other articles:

TerrellPenemuanDitemukan olehE. Kandler dan W. R. Cooney, Jr.Situs penemuanBaton RougeTanggal penemuan10 Februari 1999PenamaanPenamaan MPC79912Penamaan alternatif1999 CC3Ciri-ciri orbitEpos 14 Mei 2008Aphelion3.1015177Perihelion2.2492561Eksentrisitas0.1592782Periode orbit1598.3737080Anomali rata-rata271.65790Inklinasi10.70551Bujur node menaik307.81785Argumen perihelion327.70800Ciri-ciri fisikMagnitudo mutlak (H)14.8 79912 Terrell (1999 CC3) adalah sebuah asteroid...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Cinta C...

 

Gunung JambanganTitik tertinggiKetinggian417 mdplKoordinat-3.575322, 116.054336 GeografiLetakKalimantan Selatan, IndonesiaPegununganPegunungan Kotabaru Gunung Jambangan adalah gunung yang berada di desa Sungai Pasir, kecamatan Pulau Laut Tengah, Kotabaru, Kalimantan Selatan. Gunung Jambangan adalah gunung Bamega dalam syair lagu Paris Barantai [1] dan merupakan area wanatani dan termasuk dalam kawasan hutan lindung. Vegetasi yang ada di gunung ini seperti rotan, karet, ceng...

Election for Governor of Texas 1873 Texas gubernatorial election ← 1869 December 2, 1873 1876 →   Candidate Richard Coke Edmund J. Davis Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 85,549 42,633 Percentage 66.7% 33.3% Governor before election Edmund J. Davis Republican Governor-elect Richard Coke Democratic Elections in Texas Federal government Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 193...

 

For the 2013 Canadian film, see Arwad (film). Town in Tartus, SyriaArwad أروادAradusTownSatellite image of ArwadArwadShow map of SyriaArwadShow map of Eastern MediterraneanCoordinates: 34°51′22″N 35°51′32″E / 34.85611°N 35.85889°E / 34.85611; 35.85889Country SyriaGovernorateTartusDistrictTartusSubdistrictArwadArea • Total0.2 km2 (0.08 sq mi)Population (2004 census)[1] • Total4,403Time zoneUTC+2 (...

 

More aspirants of high status than society can sustain A university graduation ceremony in Ottawa, Canada (2016) Elite overproduction is a concept developed by Peter Turchin, which describes the condition of a society which is producing too many potential elite members relative to its ability to absorb them into the power structure.[1][2][3] This, he hypothesizes, is a cause for social instability, as those left out of power feel aggrieved by their relatively low socio...

Coupe de la Ligue 2015-2016 Competizione Coupe de la Ligue Sport Calcio Edizione 22ª Organizzatore LFP Date dall'11 agosto 2015al 23 aprile 2016 Luogo Francia Principato di Monaco Risultati Vincitore  Paris Saint-Germain(6º titolo) Secondo  Lilla Semi-finalisti  Bordeaux Tolosa Statistiche Miglior giocatore Javier Pastore[1] Miglior marcatore Lakdar Boussaha (6) Incontri disputati 42 Gol segnati 122 (2,9 per incontro) Pubblico 494 233 (11...

 

Football match1980 Copa Libertadores de América finalsNacional, championsEvent1980 Copa Libertadores Internacional Nacional 0 1 First leg Internacional Nacional 0 0 Date30 July 1980VenueBeira-Rio, Porto AlegreAttendance70,000Second leg Nacional Internacional 1 0 Date6 August 1980VenueCentenario, MontevideoAttendance65,000← 1979 1981 → The 1980 Copa Libertadores de América finals was the final two-legged tie to determine the Copa Libertadores de América champion. It was conteste...

 

Royal Marines principal training centre Not to be confused with Commando Basic Training Centre (United Kingdom). Commando Training Centre Royal Marines Lympstone, Devon, England Commando Training Centre Royal Marines, from across the River ExeCommando Training Centre Royal MarinesLocation within DevonShow map of DevonCommando Training Centre Royal MarinesCommando Training Centre Royal Marines (the United Kingdom)Show map of the United KingdomCoordinates50°39′50″N 3°26′17″W /...

American progressive rock band Coheed and CambriaCoheed and Cambria performing in 2016 Left to Right: Travis Stever, Claudio Sanchez, Josh Eppard (obscured, on drums), Zach CooperBackground informationOriginNyack, New York, United StatesGenres Progressive rock progressive metal alternative rock post-hardcore emo Years active1995–presentLabels 300 Evil Ink Hundred Handed/Everything Evil B-Unique Columbia Equal Vision Roadrunner Sony SpinoffsThe Prize Fighter InfernoMembers Claudio Sanchez Tr...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento scrittori è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi migliorare questa voce citando le fonti più precisamente. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento sc...

 

Suku SanggauPerarakan pengantin suku Sanggau di Kabupaten Sanggau, c. 1900anBahasa Bahasa pribumi:Sanggau Bahasa resmi di Indonesia:Indonesia Agama Islam Kaharingan Kelompok etnik terkaitIban Suku Sanggau (alias Dayak Sanggau secara suku sakat) adalah sebuah kelompok etnis yang banyak mendiami daerah-daerah di Kabupaten Sanggau dan sekitarnya di Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia.[1] Artikel bertopik kelompok etnik ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangka...

Public university in Bergen, Norway University of BergenUniversitetet i BergenLatin: Universitas BergensisTypePublic UniversityEstablished1946 (1825)RectorMargareth HagenAdministrative staff4,215 (2021)Students19,641 (2021)LocationBergen, NorwayCampusUrbanAffiliationsARQUS AllianceEUA Coimbra Group Utrecht NetworkWebsitewww.uib.no The University of Bergen (Norwegian: Universitetet i Bergen) is a public research university located in Bergen, Norway. As of 2021, the university has over 4,000 em...

 

Peta lokasi Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara Berikut ini adalah daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan/desa di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, Indonesia. Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara terdiri dari 10 kecamatan, 5 kelurahan, dan 214 desa. Pada tahun 2017, jumlah penduduknya mencapai 221.557 jiwa dengan luas wilayah 892,70 km² dan sebaran penduduk 248 jiwa/km².[1][2] Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Utara, adalah sebagai berikut: Kode Kemendag...

 

Commemorative plaques containing small fragments of the Moon Examples of 'Moon rocks' display. To the left, part of Massachusetts lunar sample display of Apollo 11. To the right, United Kingdom lunar sample display of Apollo 17 The Lunar sample displays are two commemorative plaques consisting of small fragments of Moon specimen brought back by the astronauts of the Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 lunar missions. The plaques and Moon rocks were given as goodwill gifts in 1970 and 1973 to the people o...

This timeline of spaceflight may require cleanup to ensure consistency with other timeline of spaceflight articles. See Wikipedia:WikiProject Spaceflight/Timeline of spaceflight working group for guidelines on how to improve the article. Details Concerns have been raised that: End-of-mission dates are confused with decay dates A large amount of information is missing Questionable material is present 1983 in spaceflightRocketsMaiden flightsAtlas HSpace Shuttle ChallengerRetirementsAtlas-Centa...

 

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Eromba – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ErombaA vegetarian type of eromba with stink bean as its main ingredientAlternative namesEronba, erolbaTypeChutneyPlace of originIndiaRegion or stateM...

 

Jacob VolhardJacob VolhardLahir(1834-06-04)4 Juni 1834Darmstadt, Keharyapatihan Hesse dan RhineMeninggal14 Januari 1910(1910-01-14) (umur 75)Halle/Saale, Kekaisaran JermanTempat tinggalJermanKebangsaanJermanDikenal atasSiklisasi Volhard–Erdmann , Halogenasi Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky.Karier ilmiahPembimbing doktoralJustus Liebig, Heinrich WillMahasiswa doktoralHugo Erdmann, Johannes Thiele, Daniel Vorländer, Hermann Staudinger Jacob Volhard (4 Juni 1834 – 14 Januari 19...

Questa voce sull'argomento Stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Cattolica Calcio. Football Club CattolicaStagione 1981-1982Sport calcio SquadraCattolica Calcio 1923 Allenatore Renato Zara Presidente Giuseppe Giammattei Serie C24º posto nel girone C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Secchi (33) Miglior marcatoreCam...

 

GhanaSat-1, conosciuto anche come Bird G o Bird GG, è stato il primo satellite del Ghana. Il satellite, del tipo CubeSat, è stato progettato e realizzato da tre giovani ricercatori ghanesi dell'All Nations University in collaborazione con il Kyushu Institute of Technology nell'ambito del progetto Birds-1. Il lancio è stato effettuato il 3 giugno 2017 dal John F. Kennedy Space Center con un razzo vettore Falcon 9, che con una navicella Dragon 1 lo ha trasportato sulla Stazione Spaziale Inte...