電弱交互作用

粒子物理學中,電弱交互作用電磁作用弱交互作用統一描述,而這兩種作用都是自然界中四種已知基本力。雖然在日常的低能量情況下,電磁作用與弱作用存在很大的差異,然而在超過統一溫度,即數量級在100 GeV的情況下,這兩種作用力會統合成單一的電弱作用力。因此如果宇宙是足夠的熱(約1015K,在大爆炸發生不久以後溫度才降至比上述低的水平),就只有一種電弱作用力,不會有分開的電磁作用與弱交互作用。

由於將基本粒子的電磁作用與弱作用統一的這項貢獻,阿卜杜勒·薩拉姆謝爾登·格拉肖以及史蒂文·溫伯格獲頒1979年的諾貝爾物理獎[1][2]。電弱交互作用的理論目前經以下兩個實驗證明存在:

  1. 1973年在Gargamelle氣泡室首次在微中子散射實驗中發現中性流的存在。
  2. 1983年在超級質子同步加速器進行的UA1UA2質子反質子對撞實驗中發現W及Z玻色子

數學表述

圖為已知基本粒子的弱同位旋T3弱超荷YW的模式,圖中標有電荷Q及弱混合角。中性的希格斯場(圓圈內)在打破電弱對稱後,就能與其他粒子交互作用,從而產生質量。希格斯場的三個分量則成為具質量的W及Z玻色子的一部分。

數學上統一電磁作用及弱作用是經由一個SU(2)×U(1)規範群。當中對應的零質量規範玻色子分別是三個來自 SU(2)弱同位旋的W玻色子(
W+

W0

W
)以及一個來自U(1)弱超荷的B0玻色子。

標準模型
W±

Z0
玻色子
光子是經由SU(2)×U(1)Y電弱對稱性自發對稱破缺成U(1)em所產生的,此一過程稱作希格斯機制(見希格斯玻色子[3][4][5][6]。U(1)Y和U(1)em都屬於U(1)群,但兩者不同;U(1)em的生成元是電荷Q=Y/2+I3,而其中Y是U(1)Y(叫弱超荷)的生成元,I3弱同位旋的一個分量)則是SU(2)的其中一個生成元。

自發對稱破缺使
W0
和B0玻色子組合成兩種不同的玻色子:
Z0
玻色子和光子(γ)。
如下:

其中θW弱混合角。對稱破缺使得代表粒子的軸在(
W0
, B0)平面上旋轉,其旋轉角為θW(見右圖)。對稱破缺同時使得
Z0

W±
的質量變得不一樣(它們的質量分別以MZ和MW表示):

電磁作用與弱力在對稱破缺後變得不同,是因為希格斯玻色子的Y及I3,可以組成一個答案為零的線性組合:U(1)em的定義生成元(電荷)正是這個組合,所以電磁作用不與希格斯場作用,亦因此保留對稱性(光子零質量)。

拉格朗日量

自發對稱破缺之前

電弱交互作用的拉格朗日量自發對稱破缺之前分成四個部分:

項描述三種W粒子及一種B粒子的交互作用:

其中 ()及分別為弱同位旋及弱超荷的場強度張量

為標準模型費米子的動能項。規範玻色子與費米子間的交互作用是由共變導數所描述的。

其中下標代表費米子,根據愛因斯坦求和約定,各項中重覆的下標會把三代的結果都加起來,而分別代表夸克的左手性雙重態、右手性上單重態和右手性下單重態,則代表輕子的左手性雙重態和右手性電子單重態。注意右手性中微子是不參與弱相互作用的,因此輕子比夸克少一個項。

描述希格斯場F:

負責提供湯川耦合,它會把希格斯場所產生的真空期望值變成質量,

自發對稱破缺之後

希格斯玻色子獲得真空期望值後,拉格朗日量

動能項含有拉格朗日量中所有的二次項,當中包括動力項(偏微分)和質量項(明顯地沒有出現於對稱破缺之前的拉格朗日量之中)。

其中總和把理論中費米子(夸克和輕子)的各代都加起來,而場的形式如下:

,(將X替換成相應的場,而則是規範群的架構常數)。

拉格朗日量中的中性流分量與載荷流分量,就是費米子與規範玻色子間的交互作用。

,

其中電磁流及中性弱流分別為

,

分別是費米子的電荷和弱同位旋。

拉格朗日量的載荷流部分如下:

代表希格斯場的三點及四點自身交互作用。

代表規範向量玻色子的希格斯交互作用。

代表規範場的三點自身交互作用。

代表規範場的四點自身交互作用。

則代表費米子與希格斯場間的湯川交互作用。

注意各個弱耦合裏這個因子:這些因子會把旋量場的左手性分量投映出來。因此(對稱性破缺後的)電弱理論一般由被稱為手徵理論

相關連結

參考資料

  1. ^ S. Bais. The Equations: Icons of knowledge. 2005: 84. ISBN 0-674-01967-9. 
  2. ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979. The Nobel Foundation. [2008-12-16]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-07). 
  3. ^ F. Englert, R. Brout. Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons. Physical Review Letters. 1964, 13 (9): 321–323. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..321E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321. 
  4. ^ P.W. Higgs. Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons. Physical Review Letters. 1964, 13 (16): 508–509. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..508H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508. 
  5. ^ G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, T.W.B. Kibble. Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles. Physical Review Letters. 1964, 13 (20): 585–587. Bibcode:1964PhRvL..13..585G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585. 
  6. ^ G.S. Guralnik. The History of the Guralnik, Hagen and Kibble development of the Theory of Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Gauge Particles. International Journal of Modern Physics A. 2009, 24 (14): 2601–2627. Bibcode:2009IJMPA..24.2601G. arXiv:0907.3466可免费查阅. doi:10.1142/S0217751X09045431. 

一般讀物

教科書

論文


Read other articles:

Ini adalah nama Korea; marganya adalah Ji. Ji Suk-jinNama lahirJee Seok-jinLahir10 Februari 1966 (umur 58)Jeongseon, Gangwon, Korea SelatanMediatelevisi, musik, radioKebangsaanKorea SelatanPendidikanUniversitas AjouTahun aktif1992–sekarangSuami/istriRyu Su-jung[1]AnakJee Hyun-woo (putra)Karya terkenal dan peranPembawa acara Star Golden Bell, Running Man Nama KoreaHangul지석진 Hanja池錫辰 Alih AksaraJi Seok-jinMcCune–ReischauerChi Sŏkchin Templat:Korean membutuhkan para...

 

Not to be confused with Media Markt. Media region redirects here. For the region of north-western Iran, see Media (region). Geographic area with mostly the same set of media outlets The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) A media...

 

قرية تشاتيغواي   الإحداثيات 44°55′33″N 74°04′42″W / 44.9258°N 74.0783°W / 44.9258; -74.0783  [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة فرانكلن  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 2.805919 كيلومتر مربع2.805928 كيلومتر مربع (1 أبريل 2010)  ارتفاع 288 متر،  و...

Radio station in Richardson, TexasKKLFRichardson, TexasBroadcast areaDallas-Fort Worth Metroplex/Sherman/DenisonFrequency1700 kHzBrandingJalapeño 1700 AMProgrammingLanguage(s)Spanish and EnglishFormatTejanoOwnershipOwnerClaro Communications, Ltd.[1](Gerald Benavides)HistoryFirst air date1951;73 years ago (1951) as KDSX[2]Former call signsKDSXKTBK (1998–2005)Call sign meaningFrom its former AM sister station KLIFTechnical information[3]Licensing authori...

 

Cave and archaeological site in Spain This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Cueva de los Casares – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Cueva de los CasaresNative name Spanish: Cueva de los CasaresLocationRiba de Saelices, Spain...

 

2009 single by Chris Brown featuring Lil Wayne and Swizz BeatzI Can Transform YaSingle by Chris Brown featuring Lil Wayne and Swizz Beatzfrom the album Graffiti ReleasedSeptember 29, 2009 (2009-09-29)Recorded2009; The Compound(Orlando, Florida)GenreRap rockcrunkLength3:49LabelJiveSongwriter(s)Chris BrownJason Poo Bear BoydKasseem DeanJoseph BerealDwayne CarterProducer(s)Swizz BeatzChris Brown singles chronology Drop It Low (2009) I Can Transform Ya (2009) Crawl (2009) Lil W...

American paranormal television series Deep South ParanormalGenreParanormalTheme music composerKeith RamseyTravis GreerCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes6 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers John Brenkus Mickey Stern Carlos Contreras CinematographyNick TramontanoEditors Alex Dollins Greg Myers Gadi Muriciano Gary Reid Joe Rogan Alan Wain Mathys Willem Production companyThunder Road ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkSyfyReleaseApril ...

 

Jennifer CoolidgeJennifer Coolidge in 2012PekerjaanAktrisTahun aktif1993–sekarang Jennifer Audrey Coolidge (lahir 28 Agustus 1961) merupakan seorang aktris berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang menjadi terkenal saat bermain di film utamanya seperti American Pie. Dia dilahirkan di Boston. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1997. Filmografi Tahun Film Sebagai Catatan 1997 Trial and Error Jacqueline 'Jackie' Turreau 1998 A Night at the Roxbury Hottie Cop Brown's Requiem Helen 1999 Amer...

 

Notre-Dame a Reims Cattedrale luterana di Helsinki Cattedrale del Wawel a Cracovia Una cattedrale è la chiesa cristiana più importante di una diocesi, di cui costituisce il centro liturgico e spirituale, e che contiene la cattedra del vescovo della diocesi. Indice 1 Terminologia 2 Storia e organizzazione 3 Chiesa cattolica 3.1 Capitolo della cattedrale 4 Note 5 Bibliografia 6 Voci correlate 7 Altri progetti 8 Collegamenti esterni Terminologia La locuzione chiesa cattedrale (ecclesia cathedr...

Велта Вилцинялатыш. Velta Vilciņa Дата рождения 13 декабря 1928(1928-12-13) Место рождения Упесгрива, Тальсенский уезд, Латвия Дата смерти 8 января 1995(1995-01-08) (66 лет) Место смерти Рига, Латвия Гражданство  СССР → Латвия Профессия балерина, балетный педагог Награды Ве́лта Э́йновна В�...

 

PYCARD التراكيب المتوفرة بنك بيانات البروتينOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB قائمة رموز معرفات بنك بيانات البروتين 1UCP, 2KN6, 3J63, 5H8O المعرفات الأسماء المستعارة PYCARD, ASC, CARD5, TMS, TMS-1, TMS1, PYD and CARD domain containing معرفات خارجية الوراثة المندلية البشرية عبر الإنترنت 606838 MGI: MGI:1931465 HomoloGene: 8307 GeneCards: 29108 علم الوجود ال...

 

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Молот (значения). «Молот» Тип 8 (16)-полосная газета Формат вторник-D2, пятница-A3 Владелец Правительство Ростовской области Издатель ГУП РО «Дон-медиа» Главный редактор Стрельцова Каролина Владимировна Основана 1917 Политичес�...

English title of nobility This article is about the title of nobility. For the given name, see Earl (given name). For the surname, see Earl (surname). For other uses, see Earl (disambiguation). A portrait of Thomas Fermor, 1st Earl of Pomfret wearing the robes of the British peerage. Part of a series onPeerages in theUnited Kingdom RanksDuke / DuchessMarquess / MarchionessEarl / CountessViscount / ViscountessBaron / Baroness (in Scotland, replaced by Lord / Lady of Parliament) TypesHereditary...

 

American politician Reginaldo Francisco del ValleReginaldo Francisco del Valle, c. 1878-8024th President pro tempore of the California SenateIn office1882–1883Member of the California SenateIn office1882–1885Member of the California AssemblyIn office1880–1881 Personal detailsBorn(1854-12-15)December 15, 1854Los Angeles, California, U.S.DiedSeptember 20, 1938(1938-09-20) (aged 83)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Alma materSanta Clara UniversityProfessionLawyer Reginaldo Francisco del Va...

 

Eastern Orthodox tradition related to the Russian Orthodox Church This article is about Eastern Orthodox traditions related to the Russian Orthodox Church. For the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia, see Russian Orthodox Church. Trinity by Andrei Rublev The three-barred cross of the Russian Orthodox Church. The slanted bottom bar represents the footrest, while the top is the titulus (often INBI) affixed by the Roman authorities to Christ's cross during his crucifixion Part of a series on theEa...

New Zealand canoeist Kayla ImriePersonal informationNationalityNew ZealandBorn (1992-02-04) 4 February 1992 (age 32)Wellington, New ZealandHeight1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)Weight80 kg (176 lb)SportCountryNew ZealandSportCanoe sprint Medal record Women's canoe sprint Representing  New Zealand World Championships 2018 Montemor-o-Velho K-2 200 m 2018 Montemor-o-Velho K-4 500 m 2017 Račice K-4 500 m Kayla Imrie (born 4 February 1992) is a New Zealand canoeist. She repre...

 

AwardAir Force CrossObverse of medalTypeMilitary decorationAwarded for... gallantry while flying but not on active operations against the enemy.[1]DescriptionSilver crossPresented byUnited Kingdom and CommonwealthEligibilityBritish, Commonwealth (formerly) and allied forcesStatusCurrently awardedEstablished3 June 1918TotalIncluding further award bars:[2]George V: 804George VI: 3,053Elizabeth II (to 2017): 1,696Total: 5,553Ribbon: diagonal alternate white and red stripes Order...

 

Prototype all-weather interceptor XF-87 Blackhawk Role Interceptor aircraftType of aircraft National origin United States Manufacturer Curtiss-Wright First flight 5 March 1948 Status Canceled 10 October 1948 Primary user U.S. Air Force Number built 2 The Curtiss-Wright XF-87 Blackhawk (previously designated the XP-87) was a prototype American all-weather jet fighter-interceptor, and the company's last aircraft project.[1] Designed as a replacement for the World War II–era prope...

Commune and town in AlgeriaTindouf تندوفCommune and townTindouf in the 1970sLocation of Tindouf commune within Tindouf ProvinceTindoufLocation of Tindouf within AlgeriaCoordinates: 27°40′31″N 8°07′43″W / 27.67528°N 8.12861°W / 27.67528; -8.12861Country AlgeriaProvinceTindouf (seat)DistrictTindouf (coextensive)Area • Total70,009 km2 (27,031 sq mi)Elevation400 m (1,300 ft)Population (2008)[1] �...

 

Athletics at the1986 Commonwealth GamesTrack events100 mmenwomen200 mmenwomen400 mmenwomen800 mmenwomen1500 mmenwomen3000 mwomen5000 mmen10,000 mmenwomen100 m hurdleswomen110 m hurdlesmen400 m hurdlesmenwomen3000 msteeplechasemen4×100 m relaymenwomen4×400 m relaymenwomenRoad eventsMarathonmenwomen30 km walkmenField eventsHigh jumpmenwomenPole vaultmenLong jumpmenwomenTriple jumpmenShot putmenwomenDiscus throwmenwomenHammer throwmenJavelin throwmenwomenCombined eventsHeptathlonwomenDecathlo...