隱藏式頭燈

馬自達323 Astina的隱藏式頭燈。

隱藏式頭燈,或稱彈出式頭燈(跳燈)翻蓋頭燈(掀燈),是一種車身設計及車燈型式,當頭燈不使用時可以藏入汽車中。隱藏式頭燈盛行於1970到1990年代中期,因為關閉闔上時能減少風阻、維持流線造型,故深受跑車愛戴,不管是歐系、美系或日系跑車,幾乎都把隱藏式頭燈納入設計之中。[1]

隱藏式頭燈有著各式各樣的設計型式,車燈可以安裝在平躺的站立式燈罩中(例如林寶堅尼Miura保时捷928)、縮入引擎蓋或擋泥板中(例如雪佛蘭科爾維特(1963–2004))或者隱藏在可伸縮或旋轉的格柵板後(例如道奇Charger(1966–1970)、水星Cyclone(1970–1971)及别克Riviera(1965))。

歷史

出現

隱藏式頭燈首次出現於1935年在紐約車展[2]亮相的Cord 810英语Cord 810/812。Cord 810車身表面看不到車燈,而在儀表板兩側裝有一對連桿來手動啟閉頭燈。[3]當手動搖動連桿時,隱藏在翼板的車燈就會翻出。[4]隔年,一輛經改裝的愛快·羅密歐8C也安裝了類似的隱藏式頭燈。[5]1938年,GM推出別克Y-Job英语Buick Y-Job概念車,首度採用電力驅動的隱藏式頭燈[6]。隨後幾年,這樣的車燈設計在不斷出現其他多款概念車中,例如1951年推出的通用 Le Sabre英语General Motors Le Sabre[7]不過,電動隱藏式頭燈的設計直到1962年才首次出現在量產車上,由蓮花Elan英语Lotus Elan採用。[8]

流行

1968年,美國政府頒布新版《聯邦機動車輛安全標準108英语Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108》(FMVSS 108),規定汽車車燈是兩個或者四個圓形密封大燈,並且禁止在前面安裝保護性或者裝飾性物件。[9]如此一來,車商就無法在美國銷售的汽車使用流線型設計的燈罩以降低阻力,例如捷豹E-Type S1原有的流線型燈罩在1968年推出的S2上就被迫取消。[10]為因應美國法律規範,隱藏式頭燈在1960年代中後期迅速流行起來,在1970至2000年代初期即有相當多的車型採用隱藏式頭燈。

1974年,美國FMVSS的另一條新規讓隱藏式大燈更加蓬勃發展。根據條文規定,汽車大燈高度不得低於24英寸(61 cm),而跑車因為車身低矮,多數跑車的大燈無法達到美國新要求的24英寸最低高度。不過,若將隱藏式大燈設在車頭頂部跳起後正好可以增加大燈高度,因此車輛製造商便常使用隱藏式頭燈來規避美國對於車輛頭燈高度的法規。[10]例如,豐田在1983年將AE86的隱藏式頭燈版本Sprinter Trueno引進美國,而非使用固定式前大燈的Levin,因為前者頭燈開啟後的高度符合美國法規。[11]這樣一來車商就不需要拉高車身高度,進而影響操控性能。

衰退

1981年,福特汽车遞交改革FMVSS 108的請願書,並於1983年獲得通過。[10]自此,美國汽車大燈的設計不再受到僵硬的法規侷限。隨著美國法律允許使用流線型設計的頭燈,隱藏式頭燈便失去存在意義,逐漸從汽車設計上淘汰。[10]與現今的流線型頭燈比較,隱藏式頭燈不但成本高昂、笨重且複雜,並且會隨著汽車老化而故障。此外,世界車輛法規協調論壇所制定的汽車安全法規開始納入保護行人的條款並限制車身突出部的設計,這使得要設計出符合規範的隱藏式頭燈變得更加困難且昂貴。為了提高車輛能見度,部分國家也開始要求全天候開啟頭燈,只有停車熄火時才能關閉頭燈,如此一來更降低了車廠採用隱藏式頭燈的意願。[1]

最後兩款使用隱藏式頭燈的量產車是蓮花Esprit和雪佛蘭科爾維特(C5)。兩者於2004年停產後,便再無量產車使用隱藏式頭燈。 [12] [13] 投射式頭燈以及LED頭燈的出現,實際上完全消除了車商對隱藏式大燈的需求。

雖然自2004年以來的新車就不再使用隱藏式頭燈,但事實上隱藏式頭燈並沒有被完全禁止,因此這類頭燈設計仍然可以在當今的新款車輛中應用,如Ares Design Project1英语Ares Design Project1[14]

其他車種中的應用

雖然隱藏式頭燈大多是安裝在汽車上的,但也有少數安裝在其他車種中,例如摩托車本田Elite 150/光陽名流150)、[15] 大客車(Pegaso-Obradors)以及鐵路列車京成AE100型電聯車)。

部分採用實例

量產車

名稱 開始生產 停止生產 參考
AC 3000ME英语AC 3000ME 1979 1984 [16]
Ares Design Project1英语Ares Design Project1[1] 2018 2018 [17]
Adams Brothers Probe 15英语Probe 16 1969 1969 [18]
Adams Brothers Probe 16英语Probe 16 1969 1970 [18]
Adams Brothers Probe 2001英语Probe 16 1970 1972 [18]
愛快·羅密歐Montreal英语Alfa Romeo Montreal 1970 1977 [19]
雷诺Alpine A610英语Renault Alpine GTA/A610 1991 1995 [20]
雷诺Alpine GTA英语Renault Alpine GTA/A610[2] 1987 1987 [21]
阿斯顿·马丁Lagonda英语Aston Martin Lagonda 1976 1989 [22]
阿斯顿·马丁Vantage Zagato Volante英语Aston Martin V8 Vantage (1977) 1986 1989 [23]
Bitter CD & SC英语Bitter Cars 1973 1979 [24][25]
布里克林SV-1英语Bricklin SV-1 1974 1976 [26]
BMW 8系列(E31) 1989 1999 [27]
BMW M1 1978 1981 [28]
別克Reatta英语Buick Reatta 1988 1991 [29]
別克Riviera英语Buick Riviera 1965 1969 [30]
別克SkyHawk英语Buick SkyHawk 1986 1989 [31]
凱迪拉克Eldorado英语Cadillac Eldorado 1967 1968 [32]
雪佛蘭卡瑪洛 1967 1969 [33]
雪佛蘭Caprice英语Chevrolet Caprice 1968 1969 [34]
雪佛兰科尔维特 1963 2004 [35][36]
雪佛蘭Kingswood Estate英语Chevrolet Kingswood Estate 1969 1969 [37]
克萊斯勒300英语Chrysler 300 1968 1971 [36]
克萊斯勒Imperial英语Chrysler Imperial 1969 1993 [38]
克萊斯勒LeBaron英语Chrysler LeBaron 1987 1992 [36]
克萊斯勒New Yorker Fifth Avenue英语Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue 1990 1993 [39]
克萊斯勒New Yorker英语Chrysler New Yorker 1976 1981 [40]
西采塔V16T英语Cizeta-Moroder V16T 1991 2003 [41]
Clan Clover英语Clan (car) 1984 1988 [42]
Cord 810/812英语Cord 810/812 1936 1937 [43]
Covini B24英语Covini Engineering#B24 1981 1981 [44]
DARE DZ德语Dare (UK) 1998 1999 [45]
DeSoto英语DeSoto (automobile) 1942 1942 [46]
德·托馬索Mangusta英语De Tomaso Mangusta 1970 1971 [47]
德·托馬索Pantera英语De Tomaso Pantera 1971 1974 [48]
德·托馬索Guarà英语De Tomaso Guarà 1993 2004 [49]
道奇Charger 1966 1970 [50]
道奇Charger Daytona英语Dodge Charger Daytona 1969 1970 [51]
道奇Daytona英语Dodge Daytona 1987 1991 [52]
道奇Magnum英语Dodge Magnum 1978 1979 [31]
道奇Monaco英语Dodge Monaco 1972 1973 [53]
道奇Stealth 1991 1993 [54]
道奇St. Regis英语Dodge St. Regis 1979 1981 [55]
鹰牌Talon英语Eagle Talon 1990 1991 [56]
Evante Sports 1600 Mk.2英语Evante 1985 1994 [57]
法拉利 GT4英语Ferrari GT4 1974 1980 [58]
法拉利288GTO英语Ferrari 288 GTO 1984 1985 [59]
法拉利308英语Ferrari 308 GTB/GTS 1975 1984 [60]
法拉利328 1985 1989 [61]
法拉利348英语Ferrari 348 1989 1995 [62]
法拉利365 California Spyder英语Ferrari 365 1966 1967 [63]
法拉利Daytona英语Ferrari Daytona 1971 1973 [64]
法拉利Daytona SP3英语Ferrari Daytona SP3 2022 2023 [65]
法拉利400/412英语Ferrari 400 1976 1989 [66][67]
法拉利456/456M英语Ferrari 456 1992 2003 [68]
法拉利Berlinetta Boxer英语Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer 1973 1984 [69]
法拉利F355英语Ferrari F355 1994 1999 [70]
法拉利F40 1987 1992 [71]
法拉利Mondial英语Ferrari Mondial 1980 1995 [72]
法拉利特斯塔罗萨512TR 1984 1994 [73]
飛雅特125 Samantha英语Fiat 125#Variations 1967 1967 [74]
飛雅特X1/9英语Fiat X1/9 1972 1989 [75]
福特/水星Capri英语Ford Capri (Australia) 1989 1994 [76]
福特Galaxie 500 XL英语Ford Galaxie#1969–1974 1968 1970 [77]
福特LTD英语Ford LTD (Americas)[3] 1968 1978 [78]
福特Fairlane英语Ford Fairlane (Australia) 1973 1976 [79]
福特Landau英语Ford Landau (Australia) 1973 1976 [80]
福特Probe英语Ford Probe 1989 1997 [81]
福特Ranchero GT英语Ford Ranchero 1970 1971 [82]
福特Thunderbird英语Ford Thunderbird 1967 1969 [55]
福特Torino Brougham英语Ford Torino 1970 1971 [55]
吉優Storm英语Geo Storm 1990 1991 [83]
吉列塔G23/24英语Ginetta Cars 1981 1981 [84]
吉列塔G26/31英语Ginetta Cars#G26 1984 1986 [85]
吉列塔G27英语Ginetta Cars#G27 1986 1990 [86]
吉列塔G32英语Ginetta G32 1989 1992 [87]
吉列塔G33英语Ginetta Cars#G33 1991 1991 [88]
Hofstetter Turbo英语Hofstetter Turbo 1986 1991 [89]
本田Accord/Accord Aerodeck 1986 1989 [90]
本田Ballade英语Honda Ballade#1984–1987 1984 1987 [91]
本田Integra/路華416 1986 1989 [92]
本田NSX 1990 2001 [93]
本田Prelude英语Honda Prelude 1983 1991 [81]
本田Vigor英语Honda Vigor 1986 1989 [94]
Irish Clan英语Clan (car) 1982 1982 [95]
Isdera Imperator 108i 1991 1993 [96]
Iso Lele英语Iso Lele 1969 1974 [97]
Iso Grifo英语Iso Grifo 1965 1974 [98]
五十鈴Piazza英语Isuzu Piazza[4] 1981 1993 [83]
捷豹XJ220英语Jaguar XJ220 1992 1994 [99]
林寶堅尼Countach 1974 1990 [100]
林寶堅尼Diablo 1990 1998 [101]
林寶堅尼Islero英语Lamborghini Islero 1968 1970 [102]
林寶堅尼Jalpa 1981 1988 [103]
林寶堅尼Jarama英语Lamborghini Jarama 1970 1976 [104]
林寶堅尼Urraco英语Lamborghini Urraco 1973 1979 [105]
林寶堅尼Miura 1966 1973 [106]
林寶堅尼Silhouette英语Lamborghini Silhouette 1976 1979 [107]
蓝旗亚Scorpion英语Lancia Scorpion 1975 1979 [108]
蘭吉雅Stratos英语Lancia Stratos 1972 1973 [109]
Ledl AS德语Ledl AS 1981 1987 [110]
林肯大陆 1968 1983 [55]
Lister Storm英语Lister Storm 1993 1999 [111]
Lombardi Grand Prix英语Lombardi Grand Prix 1968 1972 [112]
莲花Éclat英语Lotus Éclat 1975 1982 [113]
莲花Elan英语Lotus Elan 1962 1995 [114]
莲花Elite英语Lotus Elite 1974 1982 [115]
莲花Esprit英语Lotus Esprit 1976 2004 [116]
莲花Excel英语Lotus Excel 1982 1992 [117]
Manta Mirage英语Manta Mirage 1974 1986 [118]
瑪莎拉蒂Bora英语Maserati Bora 1971 1980 [119]
瑪莎拉蒂Ghibli英语Maserati Ghibli 1966 1973 [120]
瑪莎拉蒂Indy英语Maserati Indy 1969 1974 [121]
瑪莎拉蒂Khamsin英语Maserati Khamsin 1974 1982 [122]
瑪莎拉蒂Merak英语Maserati Merak 1972 1982 [123]
Matra 530英语Matra 530 1967 1973 [124]
Matra Bagheera英语Matra Bagheera 1973 1980 [125]
Matra Murena英语Matra Murena 1980 1983 [126]
馬自達Cosmo/929 HB coupé 1981 1989 [127]
馬自達323 Astina 1989 1994 [128]
馬自達MX-5(NA) 1989 1997 [129]
馬自達RX-7 1978 2002 [130]
水星Capri英语Mercury Capri#Third generation (1991–1994) 1991 1994 [131]
水星Cougar英语Mercury Cougar 1967 1970 [77]
水星Cyclone英语Mercury Cyclone 1970 1971 [132]
水星Marauder英语Mercury Marauder 1969 1970 [36]
水星Marquis英语Mercury Marquis 1969 1978 [36]
水星Montego MX英语Mercury Montego 1970 1971 [133]
三菱GTO/3000GT 1991 1993 [134]
三菱Eclipse 1990 1991 [135]
三菱Starion英语Mitsubishi Starion 1982 1990 [136]
Monica 560英语Monica (automobile) 1973 1974 [137]
日產180SX英语Nissan 180SX/日產200SX英语Nissan 200SX/日產240SX英语Nissan 240SX 1989 1998 [138]
日產3000ZX (Z31) 1984 1989 [83]
日產Pulsar EXA英语Nissan EXA 1983 1990 [139]
奧茲摩比Toronado英语Oldsmobile Toronado 1966 1969 [140]
歐寶GT英语Opel_GT 1968 1973 [46]
Pangra英语Pangra 1972 1973 [141]
Panther Solo英语Panther Solo 1989 1990 [142]
Panther 6英语Panther 6 1976 1977 [143]
普利茅斯Fury英语Plymouth Fury 1970 1971 [55]
普利茅斯Fury III英语Plymouth Fury 1972 1972 [55]
普利茅斯Laser英语Plymouth Laser 1990 1991 [144]
普利茅斯Superbird英语Plymouth Superbird 1970 1970 [55]
龐蒂克Fiero英语Pontiac Fiero 1984 1988 [145]
龐蒂克火鳥 [5] 1982 2002 [83]
龐蒂克Grand Prix英语Pontiac Grand Prix 1967 1968 [55]
龐蒂克GTO英语Pontiac GTO 1968 1969 [55]
龐蒂克Sunbird英语Pontiac Sunbird SE/GT 1986 1993 [146]
龐蒂克Tojan英语Pontiac Tojan 1985 1991 [147]
保时捷911 Turbo SE 'Slantnose' 1985 1989, [148]
保時捷914英语Porsche 914 1969 1976 [149]
保時捷924英语Porsche 924 1976 1988 [150]
保时捷928英语Porsche 928 1978 1995 [151]
保時捷944 1982 1991 [152]
保时捷964 Turbo S 'Flatnose' 1994 1994 [153]
保时捷968 1991 1994 [154]
里來恩特Scimitar SS1/SST/Sabre英语Reliant Scimitar 1984 1995 [155]
紳寶Sonett III英语Saab Sonett 1970 1974 [156]
土星SC2英语Saturn S-Series#First Generation SC 1991 1996 [157]
速霸陸Alcyone 1985 1991 [158]
Siata 208 CS英语Siata 208 CS 1952 1954 [159]
Siva S160 Spyder英语Siva S160 Spyder 1971 1973 [160]
Spectre R42英语Spectre R42 1995 1998 [161]
斯柯达1100 GT英语ÚVMV 1100 GT 1970 1970 [162]
MTX Tatra V8英语MTX Tatra V8 1991 1991 [163]
豐田2000GT 1967 1970 [164]
豐田Celica 1984 1993 [165]
豐田MR2 1984 1999 [161]
豐田Sprinter Trueno/Corolla coupé 1983 1991 [166]
豐田Supra 1982 1992 [167]
豐田Tercel[6] 1986 1990 [168]
凱旋TR7/TR8英语Triumph TR8 1975 1982 [169]
TVR 350i、350SX英语TVR 350i 1983 1989 [170]
TVR 350SE英语TVR 350SE 1990 1991 [171]
TVR 390SE、420SE英语TVR 390SE 1984 1989 [170]
TVR 400SE、400SX、430SE、450SE英语TVR 400SE 1988 1991 [170]
TVR 420 SEAC英语TVR 420 SEAC 1986 1988 [170]
TVR 450 SEAC英语TVR 450 SEAC 1988 1989 [170]
TVR Tasmin 280i, Tasmin 200英语TVR Tasmin 280i 1980 1988 [170]
文图里400 GT英语Venturi 400 1994 1997 [172]
文图里Atlantique英语Venturi Atlantique 1987 1999 [173]
文图里Coupé系列/Transcup 1987 1996 [174]
富豪480英语Volvo 480 1986 1995 [175]
Vector M12英语Vector M12 1995 1999 [176]
Vector W8英语Vector W8 1989 1993 [177]
裕隆精兵601 1993 1995 [178]
Zimmer Quicksilver英语Zimmer (automobile) 1986 1990 [179]

其他車種

名稱 車種 開始生產 停產/退役 參考
愛快·羅密歐8C英语Alfa Romeo 8C 2900A Pininfarina Berlinetta [7] 定製改裝車 1936 1936 [180]
京成AE100型電聯車 鐵路機車 1990 2016 [181]
近鐵20000系電聯車日语近鉄20000系電車“楽” 鐵路機車 1990 [182]
本田Elite 150/光陽名流150 速克達 1984 1987 [183][184]
Pegaso-Obradors 大客車 1992 [185]
路華-BRM英语Rover-BRM 賽車 1963 1965 [186]
鈴木GSX750S Katana英语Suzuki Katana 摩托車 1984 1985 [187]

圖庫

另見

参考

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Region in Anatolia For the genus of snails, see Bithynia (gastropod). Bithynia (Βιθυνία)Ancient Region of AnatoliaBithynia and Pontus as a province of the Roman Empire, 125 ADLocationNorthern Anatolia, present-day TurkeyState existed297–74 BCNationGreeks, Bithyni, ThyniHistorical capitalsNicomedia (İzmit), Nicaea (İznik)Roman provinceBithyniaLocation of Bithynia within Asia Minor/Anatolia Bithynia (/bɪˈθɪniə/; Koinē Greek: Βιθυνία, romanized: Bithynía) was an anc...

 

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2019–20 New Mexico lobos men's basketball team 2020–21 New Mexico Lobos men's basketballConferenceMountain West ConferenceRecord6–16 (2–15 MW)Head coachPaul Weir (4th season)Assistant coaches Dan McHale Scott Padgett Ralph Davis Seasons← 2019–202021–22 → 2020–21 Mountain West Conferencemen's basketball standings Conf Overall Team W   L   PCT W   L   PCT No. 16 San Diego State† 14 – 3   .824 23 – 5   .821 Utah...

 

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يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (ديسمبر 2018) الدوري البرازيلي لكرة القدم 1973 تفاصيل الموسم 1973 النسخة 3  البلد  البرازيل التاريخ بداية:25 أغسطس 1973...

 

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