爨底下村

爨底下村古建筑群
全国重点文物保护单位
中华人民共和国国务院公布
地址北京市門頭溝區
坐标39°59′43″N 115°38′46″E / 39.99514°N 115.646004°E / 39.99514; 115.646004
分类古建筑
时代
编号6-312
认定时间2006年

cuàn底下村,位于北京市門頭溝區齋堂鎮,是一座始建于明朝的古村落。村内至今仍完整保留大量清朝民居。2001年被列为北京市文物保护单位,2006年被列為全國重點文物保護單位。该村还是第一批中国历史文化名村[1]另外,在官方公佈的中華人民共和國行政區劃中,該村的名稱為川底下村[2]

历史

爨底下村
爨底下村
爨底下村
爨底下村
爨底下村
爨底下村

爨底下村地處斋堂镇西北部,太行山脉清水河流域的峡谷北侧缓坡上,海拔約650米,面积5.33平方公里。

爨底下村背靠村北的高山,依山而建。一条南北方向的轴线贯穿村内,全部民居分列其两边,呈扇形向下方延展。村内一座弧形的大墙将爨底下村分为上、下两个部分。爨底下村建于明朝,经清朝不断建设,整体保留至今。爨底下村没有一间新房,全村74套689间民居,全部是清代民居建筑。[1]

该村村民说,爨底下村居民大部分姓韩,韩与“寒”同音。该村取名“爨底下”,意为躲避严寒。“爨”(拼音:cuàn,注音:ㄘㄨㄢˋ)字为象形字,有两个含义,一为“烧火煮饭”,一为“炉灶”。该村村民认为,“爨”字下面是“大火”,“大火”烧双木,可驱散寒气,韩氏家族便兴旺发达。该村村民还流传一个字谜:“興字头,林字腰,大字下面架火烧,打一个字。”谜底为“爨”字。[1]

上面只是该村流传的传说。实际上据资料记载,爨底下村是因位于明朝军事隘口“爨里口”下方,故得名。明朝正德十年(1515年),在如今的爨底下村一带兴建了军事隘口——爨里口,修正城一道,由天津关管辖。天津关在明朝被称作“紧要”外口,位于京西古道和内长城的结合处,是北京防御西北来犯之敌的第一道关口。自天津关后面的山谷向下,沿着京西古道便可分别来到爨底下村、燕家台,而后进北京城。经专家考证认为,如今爨底下村的村址就是明代爨里口正城的所在地,爨底下村的民居则是当年驻守爨里口的军队的衙署及营房。[1]

明朝万历六年(1578年)后,明朝政府为加强天津关、爨里口一带隘口的防守工作,派军队在此驻防,爨底下村开始有军队及家属居住。明朝军队实行“卫所制”,军人列入军籍,其子孙也世代为军人。当时军队采取“耕战结合”制度,平日屯耕训练、戍守边疆的防卫戍守,战时作战。爨底下村便是驻守爨里口的军户及随军家属逐渐繁衍而成村。到清朝康熙年间,该村已有一定规模。[1]

爨底下村的兴盛,得益于明朝正德十四年(1519年)兴建的古驿道。该条古驿道是通往河北山西内蒙古的必经之道,明朝时为重要的军事通道。到了清朝,由于北方安定,爨底下村的军事作用不再重要,这条古驿道又成为来往北京与西北地区的商旅的通道。位于古驿道上的爨底下村成为商旅途中落脚之处。清朝康乾时期,爨底下村商业达到鼎盛时期,当时村中有八家买卖铺子、三至四家骡马店,如今留下名号的有瑞福堂、瑞庆堂等等。[1]

中华人民共和国成立后,因丰沙线铁路109国道开通,爨底下村失去古驿道商品集散中心及客栈的地位,变成以农业为主的小山村。20世纪末,随着爨底下村旅游事业的发展,爨底下村的民居又成为“店居一体”形式。[1]该村还吸引了不少影视剧摄制组前来拍摄,如电影《英雄》、《手机》、《投名状》等等。[3][1]

建筑

  • 广亮院:爨底下村分层而建,位于该村上部的院落均为沿街呈南北方向的建筑。广亮院是爨底下村地势最高且位于中轴线顶端的一所宅院,建于清代早期,在清末及中华民国时期曾屡经修缮。爨底下村建筑中的最大特色便是山地四合院,广亮院体现了这一特色。广亮院是全村规模最大、最为气派、等级最高、装饰最考究的民居。名叫“广亮院”是因该院的院门设在门楼中间,如同四合院广亮大门。实际上根据院门的形制看,这仅是普通人家的如意门。广亮院门前设有七级台阶,门前的地面由两块石板铺成,一条青石,一条紫石。村民称,门前铺青石喻意“脚踏青云”,紫石寓意“紫气东来”。此宅院门口并列有三个样式相同的大门。据说,广亮院的主人曾是驻守沿河口的百户侯韩仕宁的后裔,韩家有三位兄弟驻守爨里口,三兄弟的后裔分别住在广亮院的三个门内,当地村民遂称其为“韩家三大门”。广亮院大门上有木雕门罩。进入院门,门道两侧有壁画,笔法细腻。四合院为南、北两进,院落分为东、中、西三路,是三个相对独立的院落,院外设有围墙,使广亮院形成一个大四合院。广亮院共有房45间。广亮院依山而建,院内北高南低,高度相差约5米。顺着院内台阶可至广亮院的后院,这里有“大五间”。大五间的室内三明两暗五间五檩,两侧是卧室,中间是过厅,屋内隔扇有雕花壁罩,窗下设有棋盘炕,门外台阶上有猫洞,台阶下有个狗窝。两侧耳房下有储藏室,还有通气孔及排水口。[1]
  • 石甬居:自广亮院沿街向东,沿小路走到村东尽头,有一组小院,便是石甬居。石甬居门前是一条以彩色山石铺成的甬道,石甬居因此而得名。石甬居由三座坐北朝南的三合院组成。石甬居外墙上绘有水墨画,院内墙上为大幅行书墨迹。村民称,石甬居原来是韩家管家的宅院,早年间曾在此开办私塾,韩家子弟都在此念书。[1]
  • 双店院:清朝爨底下村的转型,也体现在村内民居上。爨底下村上部可见军事防御体系,爨底下村下部则多是为商旅服务的客栈,形成许多“店居一体”的建筑,例如既是商店又是骡马店的“双店式”四合院。在爨底下村南侧靠近古道之处,有一座很独特的院落,村民说这是一家骡马店院,即招待商旅的旅店。该院院门一座套一座,大门内还有两座门,一座门通向骡马店,一座门通向店主人的居所,此即“前店后宅”,曾为清朝北方常见的店铺形式。[1]
  • 五道庙:位于村内碾房北侧的三岔路口。是一间坐北朝南的小房。小房内的龛台上供奉着五道爷。五道庙为阴司的“报到处”,村内老人逝世后,子女要来该庙报到。[1]
  • 娘娘庙:位于村东南侧的山坡上,据说庙内供奉的娘娘负责送子、送福。[1]
  • 龙王伏魔庙:位于该村东山的半山腰,是该村建筑等级最高的庙宇。龙王伏魔庙起初称“龙王庙”,建于清朝康熙五十四年(1715年),为村民祈雨、转灯、祭天之场所。龙王庙内还套着一座关帝庙,供奉关帝。村民称,龙王庙内供奉关帝是因爨底下村位于京西古道旁,过去商业发达,龙王庙内遂增设利市财神关帝,起到“招财进宝,庇护商贾,利市发达”之作用。增加供奉关帝后,龙王庙遂改称“龙王伏魔庙”。爨底下村每年农历六月二十二日祭龙王。[1]

参考文献

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