39°54′52.37″N 116°26′17.36″E / 39.9145472°N 116.4381556°E / 39.9145472; 116.4381556
日坛位于北京城东部,在今朝阳区建国门地区,周围有使馆区。是中华人民共和国国家3A级旅游景区、全国重点文物保护单位。日坛是中国古代皇帝祭祀太阳的地方,又称「朝日壇」(與「夕月壇」相對)。今為日坛公园。[1]
与日坛相对的月坛位于北京城西部的阜成门附近。
中国人祭日、月的传统,由来已久。《國語·周語》云:“古者先王即有天下,又崇立於上帝明神而敬事之,於是乎有朝日、夕月,以教民尊君”。《礼记·祭义》载:“郊之祭,大報天而主日,配以月,夏後氏祭其暗,殷人祭其陽,周人祭日,以朝及暗。祭日於壇,祭月於坎,以別幽明,以製上下。祭日於東,祭月於西,以別外內,以端其位。日出於東,月生於西。陰陽長短,終始相巡,以致天下之和。”古之天子,以天为父,地为母,日为兄,月为姊。每年春分朝日,秋分夕月。[2]之所以选择春分和秋分,是因为“春分阳气方永,秋分阴气向长”,可“得阴阳之义”。这一传统延续数千年,直至民国。历代虽各有损益,但总体变化不大。
明初,天、地、日、月本为合祀。洪武三年(1370年),为正祭礼而分祀日、月,在南京城东、西城门外分建日、月坛,至二十一年废。到嘉靖年间,改订礼法,又将地、日、月重新分祀。嘉靖九年(1530年),将由北京天地坛(即后来的天坛)分出的日坛设于朝阳门外,西向,称“朝日坛”,并建设附属建筑。于每年春分日祭祀大明之神(日),无配祀。逢甲、丙、戊、庚、壬(每隔两年),皇帝亲赴日坛祭祀。其它年份则派遣文官代行。[3][4]清亡後許多建筑被毁。1951年,北京市人民政府決定将此地开辟成公园。1956年北京市园林局征用周邊土地,使公园面积扩大到20.6萬平方米,并向游人开放。2000 年以后,北京市园林局和日坛公园管理处为了增加盈利,在公园内开设了多家高级饭店、会所、健身馆、商务写字楼等盈利设施,日坛派出所也租用了公园园区内的仿古建筑,因此日坛公众开放空间有所缩减。
日壇在北京城東郊,朝陽門外,當都城卯位。主建筑即坛体方形,座东向西,广五丈,高五尺九寸,四面各出白石陛阶九级。各数皆为阳数。
壝墙(坛周矮墙)圓形,四周设棂星门四座,西门为三门六柱,東、南、北三座均为一门二柱,朱紅門扉。壝墙西门內有鼎、炉各二座,西门外南有瘞坎、铁燎炉各一座,北向。壝墙北门外之东为神库西向三间,神厨南向三間,以及井亭一座,南向,周围有墙垣一重,开门一座,西向。其北为宰牲亭三间,墙垣一重,亦开一门向西。壝北門外直北為祭器庫、樂器庫、棕荐库,各三間,联檐通脊,均南向。壝墙西门外之北为具服殿三间,南向,左右配殿各三间,四周环卫宫墙,南面开宫门三间。其东有钟楼一座。
内坛墙前方后圆,周长二百九十丈五尺,两面用砖镶砌。西、北两面开天门两座,各三间。西天门外正西建栅栏门三座,照壁一座。北天门外有照壁一座。另有西角门一座。西北为景升街牌坊,坊前以朱柵为界,长十五丈。街左右墻各一。外围墙西自牌坊西抵壇垣西南隅,长三百八十二丈四尺,東自坊東抵壇垣東北隅,長三百四十二丈四尺。其甬路由景升街向南,折向东南至北天门,門以南折而西而北達具服殿,直南至神路。神路从壝北门外北至祭器庫,折向东达宰牲亭、神库。各建筑均用绿色琉璃瓦,外墙覆瓦用青色琉璃綠緣。[5][6]
祭日圜坛西向,以白石砌成一层方台,明代为红琉璃坛面,象征太阳,清代改用方砖墁砌,四周建有圆形壝墙,正西有白石棂星门三座,东、南、北三面各一座。
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