滑膜肉瘤

滑膜肉瘤
显微镜成像下的一种单相滑膜肉瘤。组织学表现为非特异性,并与恶性周边神经腱鞘瘤英语Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor纤维肉瘤英语fibrosarcoma重叠。
类型synovium cancer[*]疾病
分类和外部资源
醫學專科肿瘤学
ICD-11XH9B22
ICD-O英语International Classification of Diseases for OncologyM英语ICD-O9040/3-9043/3
OMIM300813
DiseasesDB34577
MeSHD013584
Orphanet3273
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

滑膜肉瘤synovial sarcoma),又称恶性滑膜瘤malignant synovioma[1]),是一类罕见的软组织肉瘤,通常病发于胳膊、颈部和腿部关节。

“滑膜肉瘤”一词是出现在二十世纪初,当时一些研究者认为肿瘤的显微成像相似一类滑膜英语synovium的肿瘤,并常出现邻近关节的部位,暗示肿瘤可能起源于滑膜;然而,肿瘤细胞的发展过程仍是未知,并不一定是来自滑膜[2]

原发性滑膜肉瘤中最常见的软组织位于手臂和腿的大关节附近,但也有很多记录证明它存在于人体大多数组织和器官中,包括脑、前列腺、心脏。滑膜肉瘤常见于年轻患者,占全部软组织肉瘤的8%[3];而青少年和年轻成人病例占15-20%[4]。发病高峰期位于30岁前(一说40岁前[5]),男性患者比女性比例高(1.2:1)[3]

组织病理学

在显微镜下,看到滑膜肉瘤中存在两种类型的细胞。一种呈纤维型,称为梭形或肉瘤细胞,比较小而均匀分布在表面;另一类是上皮细胞。常见的滑膜肉瘤均兼具目前这两种双相类型。滑膜肉瘤也可能出现低分化或是单相纤维,仅呈现梭形细胞表面[6]。在极罕见的情况下,有一类单相上皮类型很难被鉴别诊断[2],常被误诊为恶性周围神经鞘膜瘤[7][8]关节炎[9]

和其他软组织肉瘤一样,滑膜肉瘤并没有通用的分级系统[10]。在欧洲,特洛尼(Trojani)和法国分类法(French system)日益普及[11] ,而NCI(美国国家癌症研究所)分级制度在美国更为常见。特洛尼方法是根据肿瘤的分化、有丝分裂指数英语mitotic index及肿瘤坏死,分为0和6不等数字,然后转换成等级1和3之间(其中1代表较低侵袭性的肿瘤)[10]。NCI系统也分成三级的,但会兼顾一些其他的因素[12]

分子生物学

绝大多数、甚至全部的滑膜肉瘤病例均与t(x;18)(p11.2;q11.2)染色体相互易位有关。但就这个分子生物学现象本身是否定义了滑膜肉瘤仍存争议[13][14][15]

滑膜肉瘤的诊断一般基于组织学做出,若出现上述特征性的t(X;18)染色体异位则可确诊[16]。这类染色体相互易位发生于第18染色体的SS18基因与X染色体的三个滑膜肉瘤X断裂点基因英语Synovial sarcoma, X breakpoint之一(SSX1英语SSX1SSX2英语SSX2SSX4英语SSX4 (gene))之间,并产生一种SS18-SSX融合基因。由此而生的融合蛋白把SS18的转录激活域和SSX的转录抑制域连在一起。它还是SWI/SNF染色质重塑复合物的一部分,后者是一类已知的肿瘤抑制蛋白[17]。SS18-SSX的一系列基因表达失调,被视为关节滑膜肉瘤的发病机理[2]

也有一些报告认为SS18-SSX1或SS18-SSX2融合基因类型会与患者肿瘤形态与五年生存率有关系[18]

症状

滑膜肉瘤通常呈现无症状的肿胀或肿块;然而恶性肿瘤相关的一般症状也曾被报道出现,比如疲劳、疼痛[19]

治疗

滑膜肉瘤通常采取复合治疗方法,包括手术、化疗和放疗[20]

2016年爆发的魏则西事件,受害人魏则西身患滑膜肉瘤[24][25],因在百度推荐的武警北京市总队第二医院接受了未经审批且效果未经确认的树突细胞-细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞DC-CIK)治疗方法[26][27][28],不治去世[24][25]

外部链接

参考

  1. ^ Synovioma. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. [20 May 2012]. (原始内容存档于2014-12-16). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Raphael E. Pollock (编). Soft Tissue Sarcomas. American Cancer Society Atlas of Clinical Oncology. BC Decker. 2002. ISBN 155009128X. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Ferrari and Collini. Synovial Sarcoma. ESUN. 2012, 9 (5) [2016-05-07]. (原始内容存档于2018-08-04). 
  4. ^ Weiss SW, Goldblum J. Weiss SW, Goldblum JR , 编. Enzinger and Weiss's Soft Tissue Tumors. St Louis, Missouri: CV Mosby: 1483–1571.  |chapter=被忽略 (帮助)
  5. ^ 郭善群. 滑膜肉瘤. 国外医学. 临床放射学分册. 1990, (4): 78. 
  6. ^ 陈建宇; 刘庆余, 叶瑞心, 钟镜联, 梁碧玲. 滑膜肉瘤 MRI 影像特征与组织病理学的相关性研究. 癌症. 2005, 24 (1): 87–90. 
  7. ^ 叶延伟; 师英强. 免疫组化及遗传学检测在滑膜肉瘤诊断中应用进展. 中国癌症杂志. 2008, 18 (7): 556–560. 
  8. ^ 魏永昆; 朱虹光. 滑膜肉瘤 23 例临床病理分析. 诊断病理学杂志. 2002, 9 (2): 73–76. 
  9. ^ 戎利民,; 蔡道章. 滑膜肉瘤误诊研究. 中国误诊学杂志. 2001, 1 (6): 837–837. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Coindre JM. Grading of soft tissue sarcomas: review and update. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 2006, 130 (10): 1448–53. PMID 17090186. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1448:GOSTSR]2.0.CO;2. 
  11. ^ A. S. Paul; et al. The management of soft-tissue sarcomas of the extremities. Current Orthopaedics. 2003, 17 (2): 124–133. doi:10.1054/cuor.2002.0314. 
  12. ^ 王臻; 王佳玉, 徐海荣, & 牛晓辉. 肢体软组织肉瘤临床诊疗专家共识的解读. . 临床肿瘤学杂志. 2014, 19 (7): 637–645. 
  13. ^ Pfeifer JD, Hill DA, O'Sullivan MJ, Dehner LP. Diagnostic gold standard for soft tissue tumours: morphology or molecular genetics?. Histopathology. 2000, 37 (6): 485–500. PMID 11122430. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.01107.x. 
  14. ^ O'Sullivan MJ, Kyriakos M, Zhu X, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with t(X;18). A pathologic and molecular genetic study. Mod. Pathol. 2000, 13 (12): 1336–46. PMID 11144931. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880247. 
  15. ^ Coindre JM, Hostein I, Benhattar J, Lussan C, Rivel J, Guillou L. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are t(X;18)-negative sarcomas. Molecular analysis of 25 cases occurring in neurofibromatosis type 1 patients, using two different RT-PCR-based methods of detection. Mod. Pathol. 2002, 15 (6): 589–92. PMID 12065770. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3880570. 
  16. ^ Coindre JM, Pelmus M, Hostein I, Lussan C, Bui BN, Guillou L. Should molecular testing be required for diagnosing synovial sarcoma? A prospective study of 204 cases. Cancer. 2003, 98 (12): 2700–7. PMID 14669292. doi:10.1002/cncr.11840. 
  17. ^ Middeljans, E; Wan, X; Jansen, PW; Sharma, V; Stunnenberg, HG; Logie, C. Freitag, Michael , 编. SS18 together with animal-specific factors defines human BAF-type SWI/SNF complexes. PLOS ONE. 2012, 7 (3): e33834. PMC 3307773可免费查阅. PMID 22442726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033834. 
  18. ^ Ladanyi M, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al. Impact of SS18-SSX fusion type on the clinical behavior of synovial sarcoma: a multi-institutional retrospective study of 243 patients. Cancer Res. 2002, 62 (1): 135–40. PMID 11782370. 
  19. ^ 楊照彬. 青少年骨髓性肉瘤初期以背痛呈現: 病例報告. 台灣復健醫學雜誌. 2010, 38 (4): 269–275. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Thway, K.; Fisher, C. Synovial sarcoma: defining features and diagnostic evolution. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 2014, 18: 369–380. doi:10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2014.09.002. 
  21. ^ Lewis JJ, Antonescu CR, Leung DH, et al. Synovial sarcoma: a multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in 112 patients with primary localized tumors of the extremity. J. Clin. Oncol. 2000, 18 (10): 2087–94. PMID 10811674. 
  22. ^ 任晓华; 邬晓敏, 金成, & 崔永安. 滑膜肉瘤的诊断和治疗进展. 医学综述. 2009, 15 (4): 541–542. 
  23. ^ 冼超贵; 张汉雄. 滑膜肉瘤术后放射治疗 81 例. 中华放射肿瘤学杂志. 1994, 1: 44–46. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 青年魏则西之死. 腾讯科技. 2016-05-01 [2016-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-03). 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 魏则西父亲回应为何选择武警二院. 华西都市报. 2016-05-01 [2016-05-01]. (原始内容存档于2016-05-03). 
  26. ^ No proof for alleged health benefits of DC-CIK. South China Morning Post Publishers Ltd. 2012-10-23 [2016-05-02]. (原始内容存档于2016-04-26) (英语). 
  27. ^ Zhong R; Teng J, Han B, Zhong H. Dendritic cells combining with cytokine-induced killer cells synergize chemotherapy in patients with late-stage non-small cell lung cancer.. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2011-10, 60 (10): 1497–1502 [2016-05-02]. doi:10.1007/s00262-011-1060-0. (原始内容存档于2016-09-20) (英语). 
  28. ^ Shi SB1; Ma TH, Li CH, Tang XY. Effect of maintenance therapy with dendritic cells: cytokine-induced killer cells in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.. Tumori. 2012-05-06, 98 (3): 314–319. doi:10.1700/1125.12398 (英语). 

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