宗喀語

宗喀语
རྫོང་ཁ་
发音[dzòŋkʰɑ́]
母语国家和地区不丹
区域 不丹
 印度錫金邦
族群不丹族
母语使用人数
171,080 (2013年)[1]
使用者总数:64万[2]
語系
早期形式
方言
Lunana
Adap
文字藏文
宗喀语盲文
官方地位
作为官方语言 不丹
管理机构宗喀语发展委员会
語言代碼
ISO 639-1dz
ISO 639-2dzo
ISO 639-3dzo——囊括代码英语ISO 639 macrolanguage
各项代码:
lya – 拉雅方言
luk – Lunana
adp – Adap
Glottolognucl1307[3]
语言瞭望站70-AAA-bf
不丹境内宗喀语分布的县以黄色标出。
瀕危程度
联合国教科文组织认定的瀕危語言[4]
脆弱UNESCO

宗卡语རྫོང་ཁ་威利dzongkha),又译宗喀语,是不丹官方语言,故国际通称不丹語(英語:Bhutanese)。和锡金语的关系很密切,与藏语衛藏方言较相近,书面语是藏文

书写系统

藏文有头体不丹变体草书手写体写的“宗喀”

用于书写宗喀语的藏文有30个表示辅音的基础字母,有时被称作“根式”。宗喀语常常以有头体的不丹变体拼写,藏文中称为“Jôyi”(草书手写体)和“Jôtshum”(正式手写体)。印刷体一般称为“Tshûm”。[5]:47

罗马化

有好几种不同的罗马化系统和转写方案,但没有能精确描写它的音的。[6]不丹政府在1991年以无我制定的转写为标准颁布了“罗马宗喀文”。[7]

音系

宗喀語是聲調語言,具有高、低兩個調域[8]。一個音節的聲調會影響聲母的同位音及主要元音的發聲態[9]

辅音

宗喀语辅音音素
唇音 齿音/
齿龈音
卷舌音/
硬颚音
软腭音 声门音
鼻音 m n ɲ ŋ
塞音 p   t   ʈ  ʈʰ k  
塞擦音 ts  tsʰ   tɕʰ
咝音 s ɕ
R音 r
通音 ɬ  l j w h

所有辅音均可做声母。低调音节的声母是浊音[9]低调音节首没有送气音(以上标的h表示)、/ɬ//h/[9]R音/r/常是颤音[r]或擦颤音[][8]在高调音节首清化。[9]

/t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s/齿音[8]硬颚(塞)擦音的描述从龈颚到硬颚。[8][10][9]

只有少数辅音能做韵尾。主要由/m, n, p/[9]/ŋ/韵尾常常脱落,并使前面的元音鼻化、延长。[11][9]韵尾/k/在非正式语境下一般省略。[9]书面语中,流音/r//l/也可做韵尾。[8]虽然很罕见,/ɕ/也能充当韵尾。[8][9]

元音

宗喀语元音音素
前元音 后元音
闭元音 i  iː  yː u  uː
中元音 e  eː  øː o  oː
开元音 ɛː ɑ  ɑː
  • 低调时,元音带气声[8][11]
  • 闭音节中,/i/介于[i][ɪ]间,后者更常见。[8][9]
  • /yː/介于[][ʏː]间。[8]
  • /e/介于半闭[e]和半开[ɛ]间,后者在闭音节中更常见。/eː/是半闭[]/eː/不会比/e/更长,且与/e/的区别更多是在音值上而非时长上。[8]
  • /øː/的描述介于半闭[øː]和半开[œː]之间。[8][9]
  • /o/是半闭的[o],但特别是在闭音节中可以达到半开[ɔ]/oː/是半闭的[][8]
  • /ɛː/稍稍比半开低,即[ɛ̞ː][8]
  • /ɑ/能达到[ɐ],尤其是闭音节。[8][9]
  • 鼻化或后继[ŋ]时,元音一直是长元音。[11][9]

音位配列

宗喀语许多词汇都是单音节的。[9]常常是CVC、CV或VC的形式。[9]复辅音声母只能是不送气唇塞音和硬颚塞擦音的结合。[9]复辅音声母中的唇塞音常在口语中省略。[9]

系属分类与相关语言

宗喀语属于藏语群。与锡金语关系密切、可以互通,与其他不丹语言乔孔卡语布罗克帕语布罗卡特语拉卡语关系也较近。

宗喀语与西藏南部春丕河谷柔末瓦语关系密切。[12]标准藏语的关系较远。虽然宗喀语口语和藏语口语大体上不能互通,书面形式均受礼拜仪式古典藏语的强烈影响,在不丹称作Chöke,比丘们已经用了几个世纪。Chöke在不丹直到1960年代初一直被用作教育语言,那之后宗喀语取代了它在公立学校中的地位。[13]

虽然分化自古典藏语,宗喀语展现出大量不规则的对音,使得书面语和口语的差距比标准藏语的情况还大。“传统正字法和现代语音是两个不同的系统,其运行的规律也不同。”[14]:110

语例

世界人权宣言》第一条:

藏文宗喀语

༄༅། །འགྲོ་བ་མི་རིགས་ག་ར་དབང་ཆ་འདྲ་མཉམ་འབད་སྒྱེཝ་ལས་ག་ར་གིས་གཅིག་གིས་གཅིག་ལུ་སྤུན་ཆའི་དམ་ཚིག་བསྟན་དགོས།

罗马化

’Gro-ba-mi-rigs-ga-ra-dbaṅ-cha-’dra-mtam-’bad-sgyew-las-ga-ra-gis-gcig-gis-gcig-lu-spun-cha’i-dam-tshig-bstan-dgo.[15]

翻译

人人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。

参考

  1. ^ 宗喀语于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
    拉雅方言于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
    Lunana于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
    Adap于《民族语》的链接(第18版,2015年)
  2. ^ How many people speak Dzongkha?. languagecomparison.com. [2018-03-15]. (原始内容存档于2016-10-11). 
  3. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 核心宗喀语. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016. 
  4. ^ UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger, UNESCO
  5. ^ Driem, George van. Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. 1998. ISBN 90-5789-002-X. 
  6. ^ See for instance Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Tibetan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Report on the current status of the United Nations romanization systems for geographical names: Dzongkha页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  7. ^ van Driem (1991)
  8. ^ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 van Driem (1992).
  9. ^ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 Downs (2011).
  10. ^ Michailovsky & Mazaudon (1989).
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 van Driem (1994).
  12. ^ van Driem, George. Endangered Languages of Bhutan and Sikkim: South Bodish Languages. Moseley, Christopher (编). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. 2007: 294. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0. 
  13. ^ van Driem, George; Tshering of Gaselô, Karma. Dzongkha. Languages of the Greater Himalayan Region I. Leiden, The Netherlands: Research CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies, Leiden University. 1998: 7–8. ISBN 90-5789-002-X. 
  14. ^ Driem, George van. Dzongkha = Rdoṅ-kha. Leiden: Research School, CNWS. 1998. ISBN 90-5789-002-X. Traditional orthography and modern phonology are two distinct systems operating by a distinct set of rules. 
  15. ^ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1) in Sino-Tibetan languages. omniglot.com. [2021-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-11). 

參考文獻

參閱

外部链接

词汇

语法

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