司马昭(211年—265年9月6日),字子上(小说《三国演义》为子尚),河内郡温县(今河南省温县)人。司马懿與張春華的次子,司马师之弟,西晋开国皇帝司马炎之父,曹魏後期著名政治家和军事家,晉朝奠基者。官至相國,爵至晉王。
西晉建立後其子司馬炎追尊其為文皇帝,廟號太祖。
239年司馬昭被封為新城鄉侯。后迁散骑常侍。244年作为征蜀将军随曹爽伐蜀,副于夏侯玄。蜀将王平[1]夜袭司马昭营,司马昭躺着不动,王平退去。司马昭对夏侯玄说:“费祎据险距守,进军不能与之交战,攻之也不行,应该立刻回师,以后再作打算。”加上司马懿也给夏侯玄写信劝说,夏侯玄最终说服曹爽回师。战后,司马昭被贬为议郎。(興勢之戰)《太平御览》将此事误载为司马师事。
249年司馬懿密谋發動高平陵之變,在政变前一天晚上才告诉司马昭,司马昭非常紧张[2]。高平陵之變后,族滅曹爽一家,司马懿開始專權國政。
曲城之战时,司马昭任安西将军,进兵駱谷迫使姜维退兵,句安投降[3]。之后转任安東將軍、持節,鎮守許昌。王凌之亂时,督淮北諸軍,率军和司马懿會于項[4]。
251年司馬懿死後,他的長子司馬師任抚军大将军位,东关之战时,司马昭战败失侯。
254年姜維出隴西,以司马昭行征西將軍,驻扎长安。击破叛乱的新平羌,以功復封新城鄉侯,後廢魏帝曹芳,立曹髦,因此功進爵高都縣侯(屬并州上黨郡),增邑兩千戶。
司马师率军镇压毌丘儉之亂时,司马昭兼任中領軍,留鎮洛陽。司马师回军时在许昌病重,司马昭前往探病,拜衛將軍。司马师去世后,十三歲的皇帝曹髦下令司马昭留镇许昌,让尚书傅嘏带大军回洛阳,意图从司马家夺权。司马昭听从傅嘏和钟会计谋,亲自率军回到洛阳,曹髦夺权失败。之后司马昭进位大将军、加侍中,都督中外诸军、录尚书事,辅佐国政,上殿时可以不解佩剑,不脱鞋[5]。
256年又進為大都督、進爵高都縣公、加九錫,後又加封三縣食邑[6]。
256年,司馬昭偕同曹魏皇帝曹髦一起平定鎮東大將軍諸葛誕的反叛。司馬昭則率軍征伐諸葛誕。東吳派文欽與全懌、全端、唐咨和王祚等領兵救援,趁王基包圍圈未完成而領兵進入壽春城。司马昭指揮魏軍主力包圍了壽春的近十八萬吳軍和叛軍,一面設計讓他們誤以為救兵將至,不再節約糧食,一面招降瓦解敵軍,諸葛誕的部下大量歸降,突圍攻擊魏軍防禦工事未成,內部矛盾激化,諸葛誕殺文欽,文欽的兒子文鴦、文虎向司馬昭投降,繼而繞城勸降,城中將士見文欽之子都被赦免,皆有降意,司馬昭見城上守軍都持弓而不放箭,就下令說可以攻城了,魏軍攻入壽春,胡奮臨陣斬諸葛誕,戰役結束。這次戰役吳軍直接投入戰鬥的士兵高達十幾萬,和諸葛誕的十八萬軍隊相加超過三十萬,超過了司馬昭指揮的二十六萬人,而魏國還要在西部抵禦蜀國的進攻,最終司馬昭以少勝多,贏得戰爭。司馬昭因功被晉陞為相國,但拒受。
魏甘露五年(260年)四月魏帝曹髦見王沈、王經、王業等人,憤慨說道:「司馬昭之心,路人皆知也!朕不能坐受廢辱,今日當與卿等自出討之。」並且率領宮人300餘人討伐。有近臣先行向司馬昭通風報信,司馬昭馬上派兵入宮鎮壓,雙方在宮內東止車門相遇,中護軍賈充在南闕下率軍迎戰曹髦,賈充命令成濟殺曹髦,成濟於是用戈刺杀曹髦。後來司馬昭以罪誅殺成濟一族。司馬昭立曹奐為魏元帝。
263年夏,掌握曹魏實權的司馬昭決定對蜀漢發動最後的戰役,也借此挽回弑君造成的不利影响,并处死反对伐蜀的将军邓敦[7],派遣鍾會、鄧艾、諸葛緒等分東、中、西三路進攻漢中。蜀漢則以姜維為首組成抵抗軍,據劍閣天險與鍾會的軍隊相持,鍾會不能前進。鄧艾遂率精兵偷渡陰平攻佔涪城,并在綿竹擊殺諸葛瞻,進逼成都。蜀漢後主劉禪出降,姜維聞訊後帶部眾向鍾會投降,蜀漢滅亡,開始三國統一的序幕。
魏元帝於264年5月2日(景元五年三月三十日)再次下詔拜司馬昭為相國,並晉陞為晉王,加九錫且位在諸侯王上,奏事不稱臣,受詔不拜,以天子車服郊祀天地。[8] 郭太后已于此前不久去世,司马氏代魏之势已成。
265年司馬昭死後葬在崇陽陵,他的兒子司馬炎代魏稱帝,國號晉,史稱西晉,司馬昭被追尊為文帝,廟號太祖。
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